氮形态转化途径研究的新进展厌气铵氧化及其应用前景蔡祖聪

＊蔡祖聪　(,210008)【】　2090———..、、、.,,,.　　　　1001-9332(2001)05-0795-04　　S143.1　　AAresearchprogressinnitrogenconversionAnammoxandprospectsofitsapplication.CAIZucong(InstituteofSoilScience,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Nanjing210008).-Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.,2001,12(5):795～798.Theinnovativeprocessofnitrogenconversion—anaerobicammoniumoxidation(Anammox)—isintroducedinthepa-per.Anammoxisabiologically-mediatedprocessinwhichammoniumisoxidizedwithnitriteservingaselectronaccep-torunderanaerobiccondition.SincetheprocessappliedtoremoveammoniumfromwastewaterdoesnotneedadditionalCOD,consumeslessO2,andproduceslesssecondarysludage,thereisagreatpotentialforapplyingthisprocesstowastewatertreatment.Itisalsoworthtoexploretheexistenceofanammoxprocessinnaturalsystemssuchaspaddysoil,sedimentsofrivers,lakesandmarines.Keywords　Anammox,Nitrogenremoval,Autotrophs.　　＊(40071079).　　2000-09-14,2001-01-15.1　　　N.,.,,,,N2O.,.N.N、、NN、,,N.2　N100N[7].()().2,(1).,NH+4NO-3.,.,,.NO-3N2,N2N2ONO.,.1　NFig.1Pathwaysofnitrogenconversions.Nitrificationprocess;…Denitrification;··N(DNRA)DNRAprocess;NNfixationprocess.2,207080[6].,,NO-2,DNRA(DissimilatoryNitrateReductiontoAmmoni-um).,N2O.N2.　200110　12　5　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHINESEJOURNALOFAPPLIEDECOLOGY,Oct.2001,12(5)∶795～798DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.2001.0189,NH+4N2O[2].,[11],[18].90[8].,(AerobicDenitrification)..NO-2,N2N2ONO[1,10].[5],[12].,N,,N[23],N.902N.3　(ANAMMOX)　　1977,Broda,2[4],N2.,.,,.,(ΔG°'=-297kJ·mol-1NH+4)(-315kJ·mol-1).1990DelftKluyvervandeGraaf[19].,.,5mol3mol,4molN2[9],:5NH+4+3NO-3※4N2+9H2O+2H+ΔG°'=-297kJ·mol-1NH+4(1)N.,.1995,N.,,,,Anammox(AnaerobicAmmoniumOxidation),(0327184A1).vandeGraaf[20]15NNH+4,,N298.2%N214+15N,1.7%N215+15N.(1),N214+15N75%,15+15N25%..N2(1),15NNH+4,(2),N214+15N100%,.,,NO-3NH+41∶1,(1)3∶5.,,:NH+4+NO-2※N2+2H2OΔG°'=-358kJ·mol-1NH+4(2),NO-2NO-3,NO-3.,NH+4NO-2NO-31∶1.31±0.06∶0.22±0.02[21].Strous[15],5mMNH+4NO-3　　1NH+4+1.32NO-2+0.066HCO-3+0.13H+　　※1.02N2+0.26NO-3+0.066CH2O0.05N0.15+2.03H2O(3)1　515NN2N215NGibbs[20]Table1Distributionof15NlabeloverdinitrogengasforfivehypotheticalreactionsfortheoxidationoflabeledammoniumtoN2andtheGibbsfreeenergychangesNoReactionΔG°(kJ·mol-1NH+4)N2(%)N2composition14+15N15+15N15NH+4+3NO-3※4N2+9H2O+2H+-29775252NH+4+NO-2※N2+2H2O-358100035NH+4+NO-3+2.5O2※3N2+8H2O+4H+-310336742NH+4+O2+H2※N2+4H2O+2H+-435010058NH+4+6O2※4N2+12H2O+8H+-3160100　　1997vandeGraaf[22]15NN,.,NH+4NO-2,NO-2.NH+4.N2NO-2.,NO-3CO2.,NH2OH,NH+4NO-3;NO-3,[22].4　vandeGraaf[20]、,.,.,.,vandeGraaf[21],.、.N2,,、NON2O.,..,.470nm,.[13]..Strous[16]796　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　12.(Planctomycetales)..1010～1011·ml-1.,21,.(Sequencingbatchreactor,SBR),0.0027h-1[15].AbeliovichandVonshak[1],,,,.,Bock[3]N.eu-trophaNO-2.N.europaeaN.eutropha..Strous[14],.vandeGraaf[20]..5　,,[21].,.,[14].Strous[14],,.,,..pH7.7～8.2,36～37℃[13].2.2　[17]Table2ImportantphysiologicalparametersforanaerobicandaerobicammoniumoxidationParameterAnammoxresultNitrificationresultUnitMaximumspecificaerobicNH+4consumptionrate02～5gNH+4-Ng-1proteind-1MaximumspecificanaerobicNH+4consumptionrate1.10.05gNH+4-Ng-1proteind-1Biomassyield0.070.1gproteing-1NH+4-NActivationenergy7070kJ·mol-1Affinityforammonium≤10-4≥10-4gNH+4-NL-1Affinityfornitrite≤10-4NAgNH+4-NL-1NitriteinhibitionofammoniumconsumptionKi=0.8,α=0.8UsuallygNO-2-NL-1NitriteinhibitionofnitriteconsumptionKi=1,α=0.7NAgNO-2-NL-1Temperaturerange20～43≤42℃pHpHrange6.7～8.3VariableProteincontentofbiomass0.6Variablegproteing-1Proteindensity50Variableg·L-1　　.、,...vandeGraaf[21],、,..,pH550mM,1mM.KClKHCO3.,[21].、、N-serve、.,87%[21].20mg·L-1,,200mg·L-13d.800mg·L-1,400mg·L-1,71%.100mg·L-1V36%,[20].6　,.N,N2N.(Single-sludgesystem)(Dual-sludgesystem).,;,2./,,.SHARON.,,N2,[23].、N.vandeGraaf[21],,30mMNH+4,3kgNH+4m-3·d-1,.Strous[13],100d,N0.8kgNH+4-Nm-3reactord-1.NN,.,,7975　　　　　　　　　　　:———　　　　　　　　　N2[21],N2O、NONO2[15].,[21].,,N2,.,,,[13].COD、、N.,、N.,,,,,.,.,,,2:1);2)[13].,N,,.N,.,Strous[16]Broda[4]、N2,,,.N,NH+4-N.,,N、、..1　AbeliovichAandVonshakA.1992.AnaerobicmetaboloismofNitro-somonaseuropaea.ArchMicrobiol,158:267～2702　BlackmerAM,BremnerJMandSchmidtEL.1980.Productionofni-trousoxidebyammonia-oxidizingchamoautotrophicmicroorganismsinsoil.ApplEnvironMicrobiol,40:1060～10663　BockE,SchmidtI,StuvenRetal.1995.Nitrogenlosscausedbydeni-trifyingNitrosomonascellsusingammoniumorhydrogenaselectrondonorsandnitroiteaselectronacceptor.ArchMicrobiol,163:16～204　BrodaE.1977.Twokindsoflithotrophsmissinginnature.ZeitschriftfǜrAllg.Mikrobiologie,17:491～4935　CastigenttiD,HollocherTC.1984.Heterotrophicnitrificationamongdenitrifiers.ApplEnvironMicrobiol,47:620～6236　ColeJAandBrownCM.1980.Nitritereductiontoammoniabyfer-mentcircuitinthebiologicalnitrogencycle.FEMSMicrobiolLett,7:65～727　JettenMSM,LogemannS,MuyzerGetal.1997.Novelpriciplesinthemicrobialconversionofnitrogencompounds.AntonievanLeeuwenhock,71:75～938　LloydD.1993.Aerobicdenitrificationinsoilsandsediments:fromafallaciestofacts.TREE,8:352～2569　MulderA,vandeGraafAA,RobertsonLAetal.1995.Anaerobicam-moniumoxidationdiscoveredinadenitrifyingfluidizedbedreactor.FEMSMicrobiol,16:177～18410　PothM