各类降解菌降解途径综述Phthalatesbiodegradationintheenvironmen

MINI-REVIEWPhthalatesbiodegradationintheenvironmentDa-WeiLiang&TongZhang&HerbertH.P.Fang&JianzhongHeReceived:13April2008/Revised:18May2008/Accepted:19May2008/Publishedonline:1July2008#Springer-Verlag2008AbstractPhthalatesaresynthesizedinmassiveamountstoproducevariousplasticsandhavebecomewidespreadinenvironmentsfollowingtheirreleaseasaresultofextensiveusageandproduction.Thishasbeenofanenvironmentalconcernbecausephthalatesarehepatotoxic,teratogenic,andcarcinogenicbynature.Numerousstudiesindicatedthatphthalatescanbedegradedbybacteriaandfungiunderaerobic,anoxic,andanaerobicconditions.Thispapergivesareviewonthebiodegradationofphthalatesandincludesthefollowingaspects:(1)therelationshipbetweenthechemicalstructureofphthalatesandtheirbiodegradability,(2)thebiodegradationofphthalatesbypure/mixedcultures,(3)thebiodegradationofphthalatesundervariousenviron-ments,and(4)thebiodegradationpathwaysofphthalates.KeywordsPhthalates.Biodegradation.Environment.PathwayIntroductionPhthalateesters(PEs)orphthalatesarethedialkyloralkylarylestersof1,2-benzendicarboxylicacid(phthalicacid).Thenamephthalatederivesfromphthalicacid,whichreferstothreeisomers,i.e.,theortho-isomerorphthalicacid(PA),para-isomerorterephthalicacid(TA),andmeta-isomerisophthalicacid(IA).Phthalatesaresynthesizedinsubstantialamountsmainlytoproducevariousformsofplastics.PAestersaremainlyusedasplasticizerinpolyvinylchlorideproduction,whileTAestersareusedtomakepolyesterfibersandpolyethyleneterephthalate(thematerialusedtoproducebottlesforcarbonateddrinks).IAesters,whichareproducedinrelativelysmalleramountsthantheothertwoesters,areusedtomakedope,resin,etc.Ontheglobalscale,anincreasefrom2to5.5milliontonsintheproductionofphthalateshasbeenrecordedfrom1980to2000.Phthalateshavebeenliberatedanddetectedinvariousenvironmentsincludingair(Wensingetal.2005),soils,sediments,landfillleachates(Schwarzbaueretal.2002;Zhengetal.2007),andnaturalwatersasaresultoftheproduction,usage,anddisposalofplastics(Staplesetal.1997).Whenusedasplasticizers,phthalatesarenotchemicallybondedtotheplasticspolymerandcanthereforeeventuallymigratefromtheplasticsintotheenvironment.Phthalatesandtheirmetaboliteshavebeenfoundtobepotentiallyharmfulforhumanandenvironmentduetotheirhepatotoxic,teratogenic,andcarcinogeniccharacteristics(Matsumotoetal.2008).Numerousstudieshavedemonstratedthatmicroorgan-ismsplaythemajorrolesinthephthalatesdegradationintheenvironmentundervariousconditions,whichhasbeenreviewedbyStaplesetal.(1997).Thispaperisfocusedonsummarizingthestudiesonphthalates(includingPAanditsisomers)biodegradation,mainlyinthelastdecade,inthefollowingaspects:therelationshipbetweenthechemicalstructureofphthalatesandtheirbiodegradability,thebiodegradationofphthalatesbypure/mixedcultures,thebiodegradationofphthalatesundervariousenvironments,andthephthalatebiodegradationpathway.ApplMicrobiolBiotechnol(2008)80:183–198DOI10.1007/s00253-008-1548-5D.-W.Liang:J.HeDivisionofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore,SingaporeT.Zhang(*):H.H.P.FangDepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,People’sRepublicofChinae-mail:[e-mail]1Aerobicphthalate-degradingbacteriaspeciesSpeciesIsolatedfromPhthalatesConcentration(mg/L)PerformanceReferences(1)α-ProteobacteriaMethylobacteriummesophilicumSrMangrovesedimentMonomethylphthalate(MMP)100Completelydegradationin8daysLiandGu2007SphingomonaspaucimobilisSoilMMP4Shakingflask,30°C,completelydegradedin5hVegaandBastide2003SphingomonaspaucimobilisSyMangrovesedimentDMT100Completedegradationin100hLietal.2005bSphigomonassp.DK4Activatedsludge(Petrochemicalwastewater)orriversedimentDEP,DPrP,DBP,DHP,BBP,DCP,DPP,DEHP5foreachBatchmode,30°C,pH7,DEP,DPrP,DBP,DHP,BBP,DCPandDPPwerecompletelydegradationin2,2,2,4,2,4,and2days;DEHPwas90%degradedin5daysChangetal.2004Sphingomonassp.DEP-AD1ActivatedsludgeDEP610100%degradedin150h,withmaximumdegradationrateof13.5mg-DEP/(Lh)Fangetal.2007SphingomonasyanoikuyaeDOS01DeepoceansedimentDMT30CompletedegradationtoMMTin170hWangandGu2006aSphingomonaschungbukensisKCTC2955SedimentDPP90Completedegradationwithin60h,atpH7.0and30°CKimetal.2008(2)β-ProteobacteriaComamonasacidovoransFy-1ActivatedsludgePA2,600100%degradationin48hWangetal.2003ComamonastestosteroniYZW-DSedimentIAandTAUnknownUnknownWangetal.1995BurkholderiacepaciaDB01aUnknownPA,IAandTA1,000GrowinallthreemediumChangandZylstra1998DelftiatsuruhatensisTBKNP-05ActivatedsludgeDBP2,780Completedegradationin5daysPatiletal.2006ViarovoraxparadoxusT4Deepoceansediment(1)DMT,MMT,andTA(1)DMT23.5,MMT152,TA155;(1)CompletedegradationofDMT,MMTandTAin22.5,100,and75hWangandGu2006a;(2)DMI,MMI,andIA(2)DMI143,MMI218,IA202(2)CompletedegradationofDMI,MMIandIAin100,120,and50hWangandGu2006b(3)γ-ProteobacteriaShihouhaoKlebsiellaoxytocaScMangrovesedimentDMI108CompletelydegradedintoMMIin36hLietal.2005bPasteurellamultocidaSaMangrovesedimentDMT98Completedegradationin60hLietal.2005bPseudomonasaeruginosaPP4Soil(contaminatedwithoilandplastics)PA,IA,andTA1,000Degradationrate:t1/2=7.91h(IA);t1/2