MBA专业术语汇总(1)

《MBA专业术语汇总》-1-MBA专业术语汇总AAbility-to-payprinciple能力纳税原则TheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage绝对优势ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAggregate-demandcurve总需求曲线Acurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyatanypricelevelAggregate-supplycurve总供给曲线AcurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellatanylevelAppreciation升值AnincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyAutomaticstabilizers自动稳定器ChangesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateactionAveragefixedcost平均固定成本FixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收益TotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate平均税率TotaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincomeAveragetotalcost平均总成本TotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平均可变成本Variablescostsdividedbythequantityofoutput《MBA专业术语汇总》-2-Accelerator加速数theeffectonGDPoftheincreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromanincreaseinoutput.Forinstance,thegreateroutputleadsafirmtobelievethatthedemandforitsproductswillriseinthefuture;theresultingincreaseininvestmentleadstogrowthinoutputandstillfurtherincreasesininvestment,acceleratingtheexpansionoftheeconomyAcquiredendowments后天禀赋resourcesacountrybuildsforitself,likeanetworkofroadsoraneducatedpopulationAdaptiveexpectations适应性预期expectationsbasedontheextrapolationofeventsintherecentpastintothefutureaggregateexpendituresschedule总支出曲线acurvethattracesouttherelationshipbetweenexpenditures--thesumofconsumption,investment,governmentexpenditures,andnetexports--andthenationalincome,atafixedpricelevelantitrustlaws反托拉斯法lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepracticesandencouragegreatercompetitionarbitrage套利theprocessbywhichassetswithcomparablerisk,liquidity,andtaxtreatmentarepricedtoyieldcomparableexpectedreturnsadverseselection逆向选择principlethatsaysthatthosewhomostwanttobuyinsurancetendtobethosemostatrisk,butchargingahighpriceforinsurance(tocoverthehighrisk)willdiscouragethoseatlessriskfrombuyinginsuranceatallasset资产anyitemthatislong-lived,purchasedfortheserviceitrendersoveritslifeandforwhatonewillreceivewhenonesellsitassistanceinkind实物援助publicassistancethatprovidesparticulargoodsandservices,likefoodormedicalcare,ratherthancashasymmetricinformation信息不对称asituationinwhichthepartiestoatransactionhavedifferentinformation,aswhenthesellerorausedcarhasmoreinformationaboutitsqualitythenthebuyerautonomousconsumption自主消费thatpartofconsumptionthatdoesnotdependonincome《MBA专业术语汇总》-3-averagecosts平均成本thetotalcostsdividedbythetotaloutputaverageproductivity平均产量totalquantitydividedbythetotalquantityofinputBBenefitsprinciple受益原则TheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesBond债券AcertificateofindebtednessBudgetconstraint预算约束ThelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanaffordBudgetdeficit预算赤字AnexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentreceiptsBudgetsurplus预算盈余Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendinbarrierstoentry进入障碍factorsthatpreventfirmsfromenteringamarket,suchasgovernmentrulesorpatentsbasiccompetitivemodel基本竞争模型themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogethertheassumptionsofself-interestedconsumers,profitmaximizingfirms,andperfectlycompetitivemarketsbequestsavingsmotive储蓄的遗产动机peoplesavesothattheycanleaveaninheritancetotheirchildrenBertrandcompetition伯特兰竞争anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtokeepingtheirpricesfixedandthatcustomerscanbeluredawaybyofferinglowerpricesbilateraltrade双边贸易tradebetweentwopartiesboom繁荣《MBA专业术语汇总》-4-aperiodoftimewhenresourcesarebeingfullyusedandGDPisgrowingsteadilyCCapital资本TheequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservicesCapitalflight资本外流AlargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountryCartel卡特尔AgroupoffirmsactinginunisonCatch-upeffect追赶效应ThepropertythatcountriesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrichCentralbank中央银行AninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomyCeterisparibus其它条件相同ALatinphrase,translatedas'otherthingsbeingequal,'usedasareminderthatallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumedtobeconstantCircular-flowdiagram循环流向图AvisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsClassicaldichotomy古典二分法ThetheoreticalseparationofnominalandrealvariablesClosedeconomy封闭经济AneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworldCoasetheorem科斯定理Thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirownCollectivebargaining集体谈判TheprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemploymentCollusion勾结Anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge《MBA专业术语汇总》-5-Commoditymoney商品货币MoneythattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalueCommonresources共有资源GoodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludableComparableworth同工同酬Adoctrineaccordingtowhichjobsdeemedcomparableshouldbepaidthesamewa