英语修辞学forSs-Chapter-4-Figures-of-Speech1

Chapter4FiguresofSpeechIntroduction•FiguresofSpeech--thegenerictermofanyartfuldeviationsfromtheordinarymodeofspeakingorwriting•Thefunctionsoffiguresofspeech–renderourthoughtsvividlyconcrete,andhelpustocommunicatewithouraudienceclearlyandeffectively;(Logos)–stiremotionalresponses,carrytruth,inWordsworth'sphrase,aliveintotheheartbypassion;(Pathos)–elicitadmirationfortheeloquenceofthespeakerorwriter,exertapowerfulethicalappeal.(Ethos)4.1ClassificationTwoClassificationSystems–CorbettandConnors'sSystemofClassification–WalterNash'sClassificationSystemofFigures4.1.1CorbettandConnors'sSystemofClassificationTwomaingroups:theschemesandthetropes.Ascheme(Greekschema,form,shape)involvesadeviationfromtheordinarypatternorarrangementofwords.Atrope(Greektropein,toturn)involvesadeviationfromtheordinaryandprincipalsignificationofaword.TheSchemes布局/形变辞格SchemesofWords1.AddingorsubtractingProsthesis(addingasyllableinfrontofword)e.g.loved--belovedEpenthesis(addingasyllableinthemiddleofword)e.g.visiting--visitatingProparalepsis(addingasyllableattheendofword)e.g.climate--climatureAphaeresis(subtractingasyllablefromthebeginningofword)e.g.beneath–‘neath,Itis-'tis,advantage-vantageSyncope(subtractingasyllablefromthemiddleofword)e.g.prosperous--prosprousApocope(subtractingasyllablefromtheendofword)e.g.evening–even,cinematograph-cinema2.Exchangingsoundsmetathesis(transpositionoflettersinaword)e.g.clasp--clapsantisthecon(changeofsound)e.g.wrong--wrangSchemesofConstruction1.SchemesofBalanceParallelism(similarityofstructureinapairorrelatedwords,phrases,orclauses)Antithesis(thejuxtapositionofcontrastingideas,ofteninparallelstructure)2.Schemesofunusualorinvertedwordorder(hyperbaton)Anastrophe(inversionofthenaturalorusualwordorder)Parenthesis(insertionofsomeverbalunitinapositioninterruptsthenormalsyntacticalflowofthesentence)Apposition(placingsidebysidetwoco-ordinateelements,secondofwhichservesasanexplanationormodificationofthefirst)3.SchemesofOmissionEllipsis(deliberateomissionofawordorofwordswhicharereadilyimpliedbythecontext)Asyndeton(deliberateomissionofconjunctionsbetweenseriesofrelatedclauses)4.SchemesofRepetitionAlliteration(repetitionofinitialconsonantsintwoormoreadjacentwords)Assonance(repetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,precededandfollowedbydifferentconsonants,inthestressedsyllablesofadjacentwords)Anaphora(repetitionofthesamewordorgroupofwordsatthebeginningsofsuccessiveclauses)(a...)(a...)Epistrophe(repetitionofthesamewordorgroupofwordsattheendsofsuccessiveclauses)(...a)(...a)Epanalepsis(repetitionattheendofaclauseofthewordthatoccurredatthebeginningoftheclause)(a…a)Anadiplosis(repetitionofthelastwordofoneclauseatthebeginningofthefollowingclause)(…a,a…)Climax(arrangementofwords,phrases,orclausesinanorderofincreasingimportance)Antimetabole(repetitionofwords,insuccessiveclauses,inreversegrammaticalorder)Chiasmus(reversalofgrammaticalstructuresinsuccessivephrasesorclauses)Polyptoton(repetitionofwordsderivedfromthesameroot)TheTropes辞格/变异辞格Metaphor(animpliedcomparisonbetweentwothingsofunlikenaturethatyethavesomethingincommon)Simile(anexplicitcomparisonbetweentwothingsofunlikenaturethatyethavesomethingincommon)Synecdoche(afigureofspeechinwhichapartstandsforthewhole)Metonymy(substitutionofsomeattributiveorsuggestivewordforwhatisactuallymeant)Puns(genericnameforthosefigureswhichmakeaplayonwords)1.Antanaclasis(repetitionofawordintwodifferentsenses)2.Paronomasia(useofwordsalikeinsoundbutdifferentinmeaning)3.Syllepsis(useofawordunderstooddifferentlyinrelationtotwoormoreotherwords,whichitmodifiesorgoverns)Anthimeria(thesubstitutionofonepartofspeechforanother)Periphrasis(substitutionofadescriptivewordorphraseforapropernameorofapropernameforaqualityassociatedwiththename)Personification(Prosopopoeia)(investingabstractionsorinanimateobjectswithhumanqualitiesorabilities)Hyperbole(theuseofexaggeratedtermsforthepurposeofemphasisorheightenedeffect)Litotes(deliberateuseofunderstatement,nottodeceivesomeonebuttoenhancetheimpressivenessofwhatwesay)RhetoricalQuestion(erotema)(askingaquestion,notforthepurposeofelicitingananswerbutforthepurposeofassertingordenyingsomethingobliquely)Onomatopoeia(useofwordswhosesoundechoesthesense)Oxymoron(theyokingoftwotermsthatareordinarilycontradictory)Paradox(anapparentlycontradictorystatementthatneverthelesscontainsameasureoftruth)See李鑫华，pp8-17forreference4.1.2WalterNash'sClassificationSystemofFiguresWalterNash,Britishlinguist,hasadoptedalinguisticapproachtowardtheclassificationofthefigures.ForNash,Thewordfigureisthesuper-ordinateterm,applicabletoanyrhetoricaldevice.Schemewillrefertofiguresofword-orderandsyntacticpatterning;tropewillrefertofiguresthatplayonthesenseofwords.•Weshallfurtherdistinguishbetweentropesthatconfinetheirplaytoasinglewordorphrase,andthosethatpervadelongerstretchesofdiscourse;theselastweshallcallmodes调式.Therearethusfiguresofsyntaxandfiguresofsemantics,thelatterbeingroughlydivisibleintoword-semanticsanddiscoursesemantics.Theproposedhierarchyoftermsisrepresentedinthefollowingsketch:FIGURESCHEMESTROPE(syntax.(s