欧洲文化入门第六章

EuropeanCulture：AnIntroductionDivisionSixTheAgeofEnlightenmentTheAgeofEnlightenmentⅠ.GeneralIntroductionⅡ.FrenchPhilosophyandLiteratureⅢ.EnglishLiteratureⅣ.GermanLiteratureandPhilosophyⅤ.ArtVI.MusicI.GeneralIntroduction1.EnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury.TheenlightenmentissometimescalledtheAgeofReason.2.HistoricalContext（三大革命影响世界：美国独立战争；法国大革命；英国工业革命）Thefirsthalfofthe18thcenturywasanageofrelativepeace,securityandoptimism.Butthe1750ssawtheworldturningtowardaperiodofturbulence,fullofideological,political,socialandeconomicrevolutions.1776:theAmericanWarofIndependence1789:theFrenchRevolution1760-1840:theIndustrialRevolutionFrenchPhilosophyandLiteratureBarondelaBredeetdeMontesquieu(1689-1755)Voltaire(pseudonymofJeanFrancoisArouset,1694-1778)Jean-JacquesRousseauDenisDiderotBarondelaBredeetdeMontesquieu孟德斯鸠(1689-1755)MontesquieuwasthefirstofthegreatFrenchmenoflettersassociatedwiththeEnlightenmenta.PersianLetters(波斯人的信札)b.ThespiritoftheLaws(论法的精神)ThespiritoftheLaws(论法的精神)Itisaninvestigation(研究)oftheenvironmentalandsocialrelationshipsthatliebehindthelawsofcivilizedsociety.ThedefinitionoflawbyMontesquieu.Laws“mustbeadaptedtoeachpeople”Thetheoryoftheseparationofpowers(三权分立理论)wasputforwardbyMontesquieuinhisworkTheSpiritoftheLaws.Hebelievedthatthelegislative(立法)，executive(行政)andjudicial(司法)powersmustbeconfided(托付)todifferentindividuals，actingindependently.(独立的行为)ThetheoryoftheseparationofpowerswasacceptedbytheU.S.Constitution.(三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)Voltaire(伏尔泰)(pseudonymofJeanFrancoisArouset,1694-1778)HisworksareanoutstandingembodimentoftheprinciplesoftheFrenchEnlightenment.LettersAnglaise(Lettersphilosophiques)哲学信件Candide(名字)Jean-JacquesRousseau卢梭ThegreatestfiguresoftheFrenchEnlightenment(对浪漫主义文学思潮产生影响的法国哲学家)heglorifiedhumannatureandattackedsocialinequality.(赞扬人的本质反对社会不平等)a.TheOriginofHumanInequality论人类平等的根源b.TheNewHeloise新爱洛依丝c.Emile,orOnEducation爱弥儿或论教育d.TheSocialContract社会契约论e.TheConfessions忏悔录DenisDiderot狄德罗a.PhilosophicalThoughts哲学思想录b.LettersontheBlind论盲人书简c.Encyclopedie百科全书d.Elementsofphysiology生理学的基础e.Rameau’sNephew拉摩的侄儿EnglishLiteratureAlexanderPope(1688-1744)DanielDefoe(1660-1731)JonathanSwift(1667-1745)SamuelRichardsonHenryFielding(1707-1754)SamuelJohnsonJournalismandthePeriodicalEssayAlexanderPope亚历山大·蒲柏(1688-1744)Popewasthegreatpoetandversesatiristofthe18thcentury.a.EssayonCriticism论批评b.TheRapeoftheLock夺发记c.Dunciad愚人志d.EssayonMan人论DanielDefoe笛福(1660-1731)TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe鲁滨逊漂流记TheFortuneandMisfortunesoftheFamousMollFlanders摩尔•弗兰德斯AJournalofthePlagueYear瘟疫年纪事JonathanSwift斯威夫特(1667-1745)JonathanSwiftistheforemostsatiristintheEnglishlanguageandoneofthesatiricmastersofalltime.a.AModestProposal温和的建议b.Gulliver’sTravels格列佛游记SamuelRichardson理查森Histypeofnoveliscalledtheepistolary书信体novel,i.e.storiestoldinaseriesofletters.Works:Pamela,orvirtueRewardedandClarissa,ortheHistoryofaYoungLadyHenryFielding亨利.菲尔丁(1707-1754)HewascalledbySirWalterScottthe“FatheroftheEnglishnovel”.Works:TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJosephAndrewsandhisFriend,Mr.AbrahamAdams《约瑟夫•安德鲁传》TheLifeofMr.JonathanWildtheGreat《大伟人江奈生•魏尔德传》（TheHistoryofTomJones,aFounding《汤姆•琼斯》，SamuelJohnson塞缪尔·约翰逊SamuelJohnsonwastheeditorofADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,thefirstgreatEnglishdictionary.JournalismandthePeriodicalEssayIn18th-centuryEnglish,twowritersmustbementionedasfarastheperiodicalessayisconcerned:JosephAddisonandSteelecontributedtoTheTatlerandTheSpectator,twoseriesofperiodicalessays.GermanLiteratureandPhilosophyGottholdEphraimLessingWolfgangvonGoetheJohannChristophFriedrichvonSchillerImmanuelKantGottholdEphraimLessing莱辛LessingwasthefirstGermandramatistoflastingimportanceandthemostbrilliantrepresentativeoftheGermanEnlightenment.a.MinnaVonBarnhelm明娜·封·巴尔赫姆b.NathantheWise智者纳旦c.Laocoon拉奥孔d.HamburgischeDramaturgie汉堡剧评WolfgangvonGoethe歌德GoethewasthegreatestofallGermanpoetsandtheoutstandingfigureofworldliteraturesincetheRenaissance.a.TheSorrowsofYoungWerther少年维特的烦恼b.WilhemMeister’sApprenticeship威廉·麦斯特的学习时代c.WilhelmMeister;sTravels威廉·麦斯特的漫游时代d.Faust浮士德e.PoetryandTruth诗与真JohannChristophFriedrichvonSchiller席勒a.TheRobber(抢劫者)b.CabalandLove阴谋与爱情c.Wallenstein威廉·迈斯特d.WilhelmTell威廉·退尔ImmanuelKanta.GeneralHistoryofNatureandTheoryoftheHeavens自然通史和天体论b.CritiqueofPureReason纯粹理性批判c.CritiqueofPracticalReason实践理性批判d.CritiqueofJudgment判断力批判ArtRococoArtTypicalWorksandMajorArtistsRococoArt洛可可艺术Rococostyleinartisusuallyassociatedwitharchitectureandinteriordecoration.Itischaracterizedbyelaborateornamentationimitatingshellworkandfoliageandithasacurvingandelasticpattern.InRococoart,“Thesublimegaveplacetothegraceful,thegrandeurofsizetothecharmofeloquence,”itwasluxurious,sensualanddelicate,characterizingthetasteofapleasureclass,particularlyinFrance,oftheroyalfamilyandthearistocraticfamilieswhorolledinmoneyandlavis