Of-Studies论学习.ppt

FrancisBaconFrancisBacon(1561-1626)FrancisBacon,1stViscountStAlbans,[1]KC(22January1561–9April1626)wasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandpioneerofthescientificmethod.HeservedbothasAttorneyGeneralandLordChancellorofEngland.Althoughhispoliticalcareerendedindisgrace,heremainedextremelyinfluentialthroughhisworks,especiallyasphilosophicaladvocateandpractitionerofthescientificmethodduringthescientificrevolution.Baconhasbeencalledthefatherofempiricism.[2]Hisworksestablishedandpopularisedinductivemethodologiesforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianmethod,orsimplythescientificmethod.Hisdemandforaplannedprocedureofinvestigatingallthingsnaturalmarkedanewturnintherhetoricalandtheoreticalframeworkforscience,muchofwhichstillsurroundsconceptionsofpropermethodologytoday.Hisdedicationprobablyledtohisdeath,bringinghimintoararehistoricalgroupofscientistswhowerekilledbytheirownexperiments.Baconwasknightedin1603,andcreatedboththeBaronVerulamin1618,andtheViscountStAlbanin1621;ashediedwithoutheirsbothpeeragesbecameextinctuponhisdeath.Hefamouslydiedofpneumoniacontractedwhilestudyingtheeffectsoffreezingonthepreservationofmeat.PositioninthehistoryofliteratureDespitethefanaticalclaims(andveryun-Baconiancredulity)ofafewadmirers,itisavirtualcertaintythatBacondidnotwritetheworkstraditionallyattributedtoWilliamShakespeare.Evenso,theLordChancellor’shighplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliteratureaswellashisinfluentialroleinthedevelopmentofEnglishprosestyleremainwell-establishedandsecure.IndeedevenifBaconhadproducednothingelsebuthismasterfulEssayes(firstpublishedin1597andthenrevisedandexpandedin1612and1625),hewouldstillrateamongthetopechelonof17th-centuryEnglishauthors.Andsowhenwetakeintoaccounthisotherwritings,e.g.,hishistories,letters,andespeciallyhismajorphilosophicalandscientificworks,wemustsurelyplacehiminthefirstrankofEnglishliterature’sgreatmenoflettersandamongitsfinestmasters(alongsidenameslikeJohnson,Mill,Carlyle,andRuskin)ofnon-fictionprose.Bacon’sStyleBacon’sstyle,thoughelegant,isbynomeansassimpleasitseemsorasitisoftendescribed.Infactitisactuallyafairlycomplexaffairthatachievesitsairofeaseandclaritymorethroughitsbalancedcadences,naturalmetaphors,andcarefullyarrangedsymmetriesthanthroughtheuseofplainwords,commonplaceideas,andstraightforwardsyntax.(InthisconnectionitisnoteworthythatintherevisedversionsoftheessaysBaconseemstohavedeliberatelydisruptedmanyofhisearlierbalancedeffectstoproduceastylethatisactuallymorejaggedand,ineffect,morechallengingtothecasualreader.)OfStudiesStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning(pruning)bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedin/byexperience.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmorse.(Studeisgotomakeupaman’scharacter.'?-be-unt-'stü-dE-?-in-'mO-rAs)Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.(Hair-splitterssim-minisek-torr-es)Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers'cases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.-Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.1．Studiesservefordeligh