语言学-术语翻译及术语解释

术语翻译及术语解释汇总术语翻译1.Designfeaturesoflanguage（语言的甄别特征）Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性），Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Culturaltransmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）2.Functionsoflanguagereferential指称功能poetic诗学功能emotive情感功能conative劝慰功能phatic寒暄功能metalingualfunction元语言功能ideationalfunction概念功能interpersonalfunction人际功能textualfunction语篇/文本功能Informative（信息/告知功能），PerformativeFunction（施为功能），EmotiveFunction（情感功能），Phaticcommunion（寒暄交谈），RecreationalFunction（娱乐功能），3.Phonetics(语音学)，Phonology（音系/音位学）;Morphology（形态学），Syntax（句法学）;Semantics（语义学），Pragmatics（语用学）Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学Acousticphonetics声学语音学Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学Computationallinguistics计算语言学Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学4.Descriptivevs.prescriptive描写式和规定式Synchronicvs.diachronic共时和历时Languevs.parole语言和言语Competencevs.performance语言能力和语言行为5.Vocaltract声道(resonatingcavities共鸣腔)，pharynx咽腔,oralcavity口腔andnasalcavity鼻腔.其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺,windpipe（trachea）气管,vocalfolds声带,larynx喉,epiglottis会厌，次声门,pharynx咽,uvula小舌,hardpalate硬腭,softpalate软腭,alveolarridge齿龈6.Consonantsandvowels（辅音和元音）A.Mannersofarticulation发音方式B.Placesofarticulation发音位置7.Stop(orplosive)爆破音Fricative摩擦音Approximant近似音Lateral(approximant)边音Affricates塞擦音,trill颤音andtap闪音Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Postalveolar后齿龈音Retroflex卷舌音Palatal硬腭音Velar软腭音Uvular小舌音,pharyngeal咽音glottal声门音monophthongvowel:单元音diphthongs双元音triphthongs三元音Laxvowels短元音Tensedvowels长元音8.Coarticulationandphonetictranscription协同发音和标音anticipatorycoarticulation先期协同发音perseverativecoarticulation后滞协同发音.broadtranscription宽式标音narrowtranscription严式标音9.minimalpairs最小对立体Phoneme音位phonemictranscriptions音位转写phonetictranscriptions语音转写phones音子allophones音位变体complementarydistribution互补分布phoneticsimilarity发音近似性Freevariation自由变体assimilation同化regressiveassimilation逆同化progressiveassimilation顺同化phonologicalrule音系规则Epenthesis增音binary二分的Distinctivefeatures区别特征EndocentricandExocentricConstructions向心结构和离心结构subordinateandcoordinate从属和并列Conceptualmeaning概念意义Associativemeaning:联想意义Connotativemeaning内涵意义Socialmeaning社会意义Affectivemeaning情感意义Reflectedmeaning反射意义Collocativemeaning搭配意义Thematicmeaning主位意义denotation:外延意义connotation:内涵Thereferentialtheory:指称理论Semantictriangle语义三角Senseandreference：涵义和指称Synonymy同义关系Antonymy反义关系Hyponymy上下义关系Polysemy一词多义关系Homonymy同音/形异意关系Dialectalsynonyms地域同义词Stylisticsynonyms风格同义词Collocationalsynonyms搭配同义词gradableantonymy等级反义关系coverterm覆盖项Markedvs.unmarkedterms标记项和非标记项complementaryantonymy互补反义关系converseantonymy逆向反义关系homophones:同音异义词homographs:同形异义词completehomonymssemanticcomponents语义部分术语解释1.Designfeature的定义：thedefining（最典型的，起决定作用的）propertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.2.Synchronic共时：Itreferstothedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.3.Diachronic历时：Itstudiesthedevelopmentorhistoryoflanguage.Inotherwords,itreferstothedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.4.prescriptive规定式：Akindoflinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage.5.descriptive描写式:Akindoflinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.6.Arbitrariness（任意性）:Bysayingthat“languageisarbitrary”,wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound.7.Duality（二层性/二重性）:itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwolevelsofstructures,atthelowerlevelthereisthestructureofsounds;atthehigherlevelthereisthestructureofmeaning.8.Displacement（移位性）:itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtocommunicateaboutthingsthatarenotpresentinourimmediatecommunicationalcontext.9.competence语言能力:itreferstoanidealspeaker’sknowledgeoftheunderlyingsystemofrulesinalanguage.10.Performance语言行为:itreferstotheactualuseofthelanguagebyaspeakerinarealcommunicationalcontext.11.Langue语言:itreferstothespeaker’sunderstandingandknowledgeofthelanguagethathespeaks.12.Parole言语:itistheactualspeakingoflanguagebyanindividualspeaker.13.Culturaltransmission（文化传播）:Itreferstothefactthatthedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedanew（重新，再）byeachspeaker.Languageisnottransmittedbiologicallyfromgenerationtogeneration.14.Phaticcommunion（寒暄交谈）:itreferstoritualexchanges,exchangesthathavelittlemeaningbuthelptomaintainourrelationshipswithotherpeople.15.Phonetics(语音学):itisthestudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.16.Vowels元音：thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheair-streampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstruction.17.Consonants辅音：Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheair-streamatsomepointofthevocaltract.18.Phonology:itisthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguagesanditisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsinhumanlanguages.Anditstudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguagesystematicallyuseaselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.19.Phoneme音位:thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.20.Allophone音位变体:itreferstothedifferentformsofaphoneme.21.Assimilation:itisaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofanei