高中英语必修四语法(人教版)

I主语和谓语动词的一致1主语要和谓语动词保持人称和数的一致。如:Iamseventeen.Sheissixteen.Thereisadeskintheroom.Therearenochairsinit.Theyhavenotcomeyet.Nobodyknowswhoisgoingtowininthecompetition.WhatisthelatestnewsabouttheOlympicGames?2两个名词由and连接作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。如:WangGangandZhangHuawerehereamomentago.MybrotherandIhavebothseenthefilm.BothriceandwheataregrowninthispartofChina.说明(1)当and不表示并列意义，连接两个在意义上表示同一人、物或概念或由两个部件配成的物品时，谓语动词用单数。如:Theprofessorandwriterisspeakingatthemeeting.那位教授作家正在会上发言。Onemoreknifeandforkisneeded.还需要一副刀叉。Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。(2)两个并列的名词有each,every,manya等修饰语时，谓语动词一般用单数。如:Eachdoctorand(each)nurse/Everydoctorand(every)nursewasgivenanewshirt.每个大夫和护士都发了一件新衬衫。NOsoundandnovoiceisheard.-点声音都没有。Manyboyand(manya)girlhasmadethesamemistake.许多男孩女孩都犯了同样的错误。2电休名词group,classfamilyarmy,enemy等作主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数形式;如强调个体，谓语动词用复数形式。如:Myfamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyaresittingatthebreakfasttable.(指家庭成员)Ourgrouparereadingthenewspapers.(指组内成员)Thisgroupishavingameeting.Thearmyisgoingtoremaininthistown.4不定代词anyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everybody,everything,someone,somebody,something,noone,nobody,nothing,each,theother等做主语时，谓语动词用单数。如:Thereisnobodyinthehouse.Everythingisready.Someonewantstoseeyou.5代词none和neither有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据说话人的意思决定。但是代表不可数名词时，只看作单数;neither作形容词时与单数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。如:Noneofthemhas/havearrivedyet.他们中一个人都没到呢。Neitherofthemknows/knowtheanswer.他们俩都不知道答案。Noneofthismoneyismine.这钱不是我的。Neitherstatementwastrue.两个陈述都不真实。6当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or,either...or,neither.nor或notonly....butalso连接时，谓语:动词通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一-致。如:eitheryouorJaneistobesenttoNewZealand.要么你，要么简将被派往新西兰。NeitherhenorIhavefinishedtheexperiment他和我都没有完成实验。7由there或here引导的句子，主语不止一个名词时，谓语动词通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。如:Thereisalamp,twopensandsixbooksonthedesk.桌子上有一盏灯、两支钢笔和六本书。Herearesomeenvelopesandpaperforyou.这些是给你的信封和纸张。8当主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,like,ratherthan,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等时，谓语动词不受修饰成分的影响，仍保持同主语一致的关系。如:Theteacherwithtwostudentswasatthemeeting.那位老师和两个学生参加了会议。Thegirlaswellastheboyshaslearnedtodriveacar.这姑娘和男孩子们一道，学会了开车。9表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等复数名词，在表示单位数量用作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数。如:Sixtyyearsisalongtime.60年是一段长时间。Tendollarsisenoughforhim.10美元就够他用的了。Fiftykilogramsisnottooheavytobecarried.50公斤不至于重到扛不起来。说明:如果强调数目，谓语动词用复数。如:Onehundredcentsmakeadollar.100美分就是一美元。Morethanftyyearshavepassedsincetheygotmarried.他们夫妻已共同走过了50多年。(TheVerb-ingform)动词-ing形式由动词原形+-ing构成。动词-ing形式能在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。如:Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusinessmen.主语Learningaforeignlanguageisveryusefultome.Seeingisbelieving.Travellingabroadcanbeveryexciting.Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.IenjoylearningEnglish.宾语：Shesuggesteddoingitinadifferentway.表语;Themusicisexciting.Themostimportantthingisgettingthereintime.Herjobwaswashingclothes.Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.Chinaisadevelopingcountry.定语Thepersontranslatingthesongscanspeaksevenlanguages.Theboystandingthereisaclassmateofmine.Weheardhersinginginherroom.Youcanseethemperformingeverynightthisweekatthenewtheatre.Wewatchthechildrendivingintothewaterfromthedivingboard.Listentothebirdssinging.状语：Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.Beingill,shewenthome.Havingfinishedtheirwork,theyhadarest.Feelingtired,shewenttobedearly.II构词法(Wordformation)在英语中，1合成(Compounding)的构成方法主要有三种:合成、转化和派生。由两个或更多的由分开的两的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号“”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有blackboard万个词构成。如:nightfallfantasylandcowboyeverywheresomewherehoweverwhateverwherevermaybenewspaperplaygroundbackbonebroadcastsunburnoverthrowsnowstormanyonemyselfeggplantreading-roombus-driverman-madeblue-eyedpasser-byworn-outup-to-dateicecreameasy-goingpart-timebusstoppostofficecarparkhumanrightsgrassroots2转化(Conversion)taste(v.)-taste(п.)Ittastesgood.Ithasagoodtaste.hand(п.)hand(v.)Pleasehandinyourexercisebooksafterclass.clean(adj.)-clean(v.)Herroomiscleanandtidy.Shecleansherroomeveryday.shade(п.)shade(v.)Sheissittingintheshadeofabigtree.Sheshadedhereyesagainstthesun.词性转化后，有的单词读音会发生变化。如:1)use/ju:s/(n.)-use/ju:z/(v.)Iheuseoftoomuchchemicalfertilizerleadstoseriousproblems.MayIuseyourpencil?2)present/preznt/(n,)→present/pr'zent/(v.)Shegaveaveryspecialpresentformybirthday.Largeclassespresentgreatproblemstomanyteachers.3)transport(n.)一transport(V.)Horsesweretheonlymeansoftransportinthosedays.ThegoodsweretransportedtoBejjing.4)increase(n.)→increase(v.)Sheishopingforawageincrease.