lesson-6-International-Trade-II

InternationalTradeIILesson6BusinessKnowledge:(1)OtherbasesfortradeamongcountriesA.Patternsofdemand:differentconsumptionpreferenceB.Economyofscale:thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproductionC.Innovationorstyle(2)Thereasonswhycompletespecializationmayneveroccur(3)Tariffbarriers-themostcommonformoftraderestrictionA.ExportdutyB.Importdutya.Specificdutyb.Advaloremdutyc.Compoundduty(4)Quotas-themostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriersWheretherearenodifferencesamongcountriesinthebasiccapabilitiesatproducinggoods,otherbasesfortradeamongthemmaystillexist.First,patternsofdemandmaydifferamongnations.Forexample,mostconsumersinonecountrymayconsiderdogmeatadelicacy(deliciousfood),whileinanothercountrytheconsumptionofdogmeatisabhorrent.Inthiscasethesecondcountrymaysellitsdogmeattothefirstcountry.Tradewillbebasednotondifferencesintheproductioncapabilitiesofthetwocountriesbutondifferentconsumptionpreferences.Second,trademayoccuroutofeconomiesofscale,thatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.Forexample,CountryAandCountryBmayhavethesamecapabilityinproducingcarsandcomputers,butthecostfortheproductionofbothcommoditieswilldecreaseifthegoodsareproducedonalargerscale.Bothcountriesmightfinditadvantageousifeachweretospecializecompletelyintheproductionofonecommodityandimporttheother.Third,tradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughCountryAproducesenoughcarsatreasonablecoststomeetitsowndemandandeventoexportsome,itmaystillimportcarsfromothercountriesforinnovationorvarietyofstyle.Tosummarize,thetheoryofinternationalspecializationseekstoanswerthequestionwhichcountrieswillproducewhatgoods,withwhattradepatternsamongthem.Differencesinproductionconditions,theelementhighlighted(stressed)bythetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,providethemostimportantpartoftheanswer.Butacompleteanswermustalsotakeintoaccountotherfactorssuchaspatternsofdemand,economiesofscaleandinnovationorstyle.Inreality,however,completespecializationmayneveroccurevenwhenitiseconomicallyadvantageous.Forstrategicordomesticreasons,acountrymaycontinuetoproducegoodsforwhichitdoesnothaveanadvantage.Thebenefitsofspecializationmayalsobeaffectedbytransportcost.Goodsandrawmaterialshavetobetransportedaroundtheworldandthecostofthetransportreducesthebenefitoftrade.Thecasewillbemoreseriouswithtransportingbulkyorperishablegoods.Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentsarealsobarrierstotrade,andtypicalexamplesaretariffsandquotas.Strategic:highlyimportanttooranintegralpartofastrategyorplanofactionespeciallyinwar;relatingtoorconcernedwithstrategyadj.战略上的，战略的它们如何相互作用从而支持您的战略计划？Howdotheyinteracttosupportyourstrategicinitiatives?Bulky:adj.oflargesizeforitsweight体积大的；庞大的；笨重的包裹轻却庞大难运。Thepackageislightbutit’stoobulkytocarry.Perishable:adj.liabletoperish;subjecttodestructionordeathordecay易腐坏的；易毁灭的；会枯萎的水果易坏。Fruitisperishable.在使用你的紧急食品之前，先使用你冰箱或冰柜里易腐食品。Useperishablefoodinyourrefrigeratororfreezerbeforeusingfoodinyouremergencysupplies.Barriers:astructureorobjectthatimpedesfreemovement;anyconditionthatmakesitdifficulttomakeprogressortoachieveanobjectiven.障碍；栅栏；篱笆墙你就要采取行动来移走这些障碍，去追寻你想要的Youhavetotaketheactionstoremovethebarriersandgoafterwhatyouwant.Tariffbarriersarethemostcommonformoftraderestriction.Atariffisataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsareawhichusuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.Acustomsareaextendingbeyondnationalboundariestoincludetwoormoreindependentnationsiscalledacustomsunion(关税同盟).Importdutiesaretariffsleviedongoodsenteringan(customs)areawhileexportdutiesaretaxesleviedongoodsleavingan(customs)area.Theformertypeismorecommonthanthelatterasmostnationswanttoexpandexportsandincreasetheirforeignexchangeearnings(income).Importdutiesmaybeeitherspecific（从量税）,oradvalorem（从价税）,oracombinationofthetwo–compoundduties（复税，混合税）.Levied:imposeandcollect;causetoassembleorenlistinthemilitary征收（税等）；征集（兵等）;征税；征兵征收烟草税Levyataxontobacco对富人应该比对穷人多征税。Taxesshouldbeleviedmoreontherichthanonthepoor.Coincides:gowith,falltogether;happensimultaneouslyvi.一致，符合；同时发生她对这件事情的态度和我的一致。Herattitudetowardsthismattercoincideswithmine.Importduties进口关税:TariffsleviedongoodsenteringanareaExportduties出口关税:TaxesleviedongoodsleavinganareaAdvaloremduty从价税:dutiesleviedonthebasisofthepriceofthegoodsDrawback退税:Dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.Thetermdrawbackreferstodutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.Thetermmost-favored-nation(MFN)treatmentreferstoatarifftreatment.Underthistreatment,acountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatories(contractingparties)anytariffconcessions(关税减让)granted(given)toanyparticipatingcountry.However,MFNtreatmentisnotreallyspecialbutisjustnormaltradingstatus.Itgivesacountrythelowesttariffsonlywithinthetariff’sschedule,butitisstillpossibletohavelowertariffs.Refunded:v.payback;退还；偿还；付还n.moneyreturnedtoapayer退款；偿还，偿还额她应得退款。Sheisduerefund.我可以退这张票吗？CanIrefundthisticket?Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment最惠国待遇:Atarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconces