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1构词法之一――派生(懂得构词法可以成倍甚至3倍地增加你的词汇量。)所谓派生,即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。前缀:前缀通常只改变词义,不改变词性。1、表示否定或相反意义的前缀:1)un-表示“不”或相反的动作。unfair不公平的;unable无能力的;unfit不合适的;unknown不被知道的;uncover揭开;untie松开;undo松开;unearth掘出;unlock开锁……2)disdisappear消失;disagree不同意;discover发现;……3)in-,im-,ir-,il表示“不”。incomplete不完全的;incorrect不正确的;impossible不可能的;irregular不规则的;illegal不合法的;irreplaceable不能代替的……4)mismistake错误,错拿;misunderstand误解;misuse错用;mislead误导;misbehaviour不规矩的行为,mistrust不信任……5)non不”。non-stop不停的;non-smoker非吸烟者;nonsense废话……2、表示其他意义的常用前缀:1)re,表示“再;又;重”。rewrite重写;reread再读;recycle再循环;reuse再用;rebuild重建;regain重新获得;rejoin重新加入;reopen重开……2)aalone单独的;alike相像的;asleep睡着的;awake醒着的;alive活着的;……3)teletelephone电话;television电视;telegram电报;telescope望远镜……4)enenjoy使……高兴;enlarge扩大;encourage鼓励;enable5)interInternet因特网;international国际的;interview,intermarry,interact……6)multimultimedia多媒体;multinational多国的,多民族的;multicolored多彩的;……7)fore,在先”。forehead前额,前部;foreman领班,工头;forefather祖先,祖宗;forefinger食指,forename名;forerunner先驱者;foresee预见,预知;2foretell预言;foreword前言;foresight远见;forearm前臂;foreground前景8)trans转换,转移”。translate翻译;transplant移植;transport运输;transmit传输transform(使)改变9)ex向外的,以前的,前任的”。ex-president前任总统;ex-husband前夫;ex-millionaire前百万富翁export出口;exclude排除;10)anti-:表示“反对,抵抗”antiwar反战的;antitank反坦克的;anti-Japanese反日本的anti-aging抗衰老的11)post-:表示“在...后”=after我postwar战后;postgraduate毕业后的,研究生12)pre-:表示“在...后”=beforeprewar战前;prehistory史前preview预演,预展,预览13)multi-:表示“多,多种,多个”multimedia多媒体;multi-cultural多元文化的;multi-storeycarparks多层停车场;multinational跨国的;multi-purpose多用途的;multilingual说多种语言的后缀:英语单词除了加前缀构成新词外,更多地可以加后缀,后缀通常会改变词性,构成意思相近的其他词性的词;少数后缀同时会改变词义,多是变为词义相反、词性转化的新词。常用的后缀如下:1.形容词后缀(1)-less表示否定:careless粗心的,useless无用的,nameless无名的,speechless说不出话的;priceless无价的,极贵重的worthless一文不值的……(2)-ful:(注意:加在名词后)beauty→beautiful美丽的,care→careful小心的,meaningful有意义的(3)-ous:famous著名的,continuous连续不断的,cautious谨慎的,小心的,curious好奇的;delicious美味的;conscious有意识的,(4)-al:nation→national民族的、国家的,nature→natural(5)-able表示“可……的,能……的,具有……性质的”:valuable贵重的,acceptable可接受的,changeable多变的,reliable可靠的……(6)-ible:possible(可能的)flexible(易弯曲的)sensible(可觉察的)edible(可食用的)visible(可见的)accessible(易接近的;可理解的)responsible(负责任的)3(7)-y(尤其是在表示“天气”的名词后):cloudy,rainy,icy,noisy,healthy,wealthy,greedy…(8)-ive:active积极的,collective集体的,attentive专心的,attractive吸引人的……(9)-ant:distant,important,tolerant,significant,(10)-ent:different,dependent,convenient,confident,silent,violent,frequent(11)-ly:friendly友好的;lovely可爱的;lively生动的,活泼的;manly有男子气概的;brotherly兄弟般的;motherly慈母般的;fatherly父亲般的;weekly每周的;monthly每月的;year→yearly(12)-ish:childish孩子气的,selfish自私的,bookish(13)-ing:challenging有挑战性的,promising有前途的,inviting诱人的,striking引人注目的,charming迷人的,daring大胆的,demanding要求高的,苛刻的(14)-ed:advanced高级的/先进的,retired退休的,limited有限的,learned有学问的,blessed可喜的,美好的,distinguished著名的,卓越的,married已婚的,prepared愿意的,准备好的(15)-en:golden金色的;wooden木制的,woolen(16)-some:troublesome麻烦的;handsome英俊的;lonesome寂寞的awesome令人敬畏的(17)-ic/ical:politic策略性的,political政治的,electric带电的,电动的,electrical有关电的,historic历史上著名的,historical历史(上)的,有关历史的,classic第一流的,classical古典的;economic经济上的,经济学的,economical节约的,chemical化学的,medical医学的(18)-cial:racial,official,beneficial,facial,artificial,special,social(19)-an/ian表示“……(人)的”:America→American美国(人)的,Australia→Australian澳大利亚(人)的,……(20)-ese表示“人(的)”:China→Chinese中国(人)的,Japan→Japanese注意:以下动词既可以加-ing又可以加-ed构成形容词,但意义不同。interest,excite,move,touch,frighten;bored,encourage,inspire,develop,convince,4disappoint,discourage,depress,embarrass,surprise,amaze,astonish,shock,worry,relax,refresh,tire,exhaust,amuse,confuse,puzzle,alarm,annoy,disturb,disgust,please,satisfy2.动词后缀:(1)-fy:“使成为”“使...化”,beauty→beautify美化,pure→purify净化,simple→simplify简单化,terrify使恐惧/horrify使恐怖/classify分类/glorify颂扬/modify修饰/satisfy使满意/identify识别/symbolize象征(2)-en:wide→widen加宽,sharp→sharpen削尖,loose→loosen使松散,……(3)--ise(-ize)[构成动词]表示“使……化,modernize使现代化,normalize使正常化,criticize批评,fertilize使肥沃/施肥3.副词后缀:(1)-ly:bad→badly坏地,easy→easily(2)-ward表示“方向”:backward向后,eastward向东4.名词后缀:(1)-tion:dictate→dictation听写,collect→collection(2)-ment:agreement协议,government政府,move→movement运动……(3)–ing:bleeding流血;beginning开始;surrounding围绕物,环境;misunderstanding误解,误会;suffering痛苦,疾苦,training训练cycling,bowling,surfing,sailing,horse-riding,housing,shopping……(4)-al:arrive→arrival到达;propose→proposal建议;refuse→refusal拒绝;approve→approval批准,赞成;survive→survival幸存(5)-ance:performance表演;entrance入口;appearance出现,外貌……(6)-ence:difference不同,dependence依靠,reference参考,existence……(7)-ness:happiness幸福,business事务、商业,illness疾病,……(8)-th:long→length长度,wide→width宽度,deep→depth深度;grow→growth生长;true→truth真理,warm→warmth温暖……(9)–ity:ability能力;activity活动;responsibility责任;generosity慷慨……(10)-ty:safety安全;cruelty残酷;loyalty忠诚(11)-y:discovery发现,injury受伤,delivery派送,recovery,difficulty,honesty,(12)-dom:freedom,kingdom,wisdom,boredom(13)-age:marriage,postage,shortage,percentage,passage,storage,package(14)-cy:accuracy,fluency,frequency,tendency,urgency,efficiency,(15)-ure/ture:failure,pressure,pleasure,mixture,departure,(16)-ship:friendship,leadership,hardship,membership,championship5(17)-ful:mouthful一口,handful一把,bagful一袋;spoonful一
本文标题:构词法
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