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语法复习----句子成分Sentencecomponents五种基本句型概述(1)Wehavebeensingingfortwohours.(主+谓)(2)Labourcreatedman.(主+谓+宾)(3)Thisplansoundsperfect.(主+系+表)(4)Ipaidtherepairmanfiftydollars.(主+谓+间宾+直宾)(5)Wefoundthismaterialsatisfactory.(主+谓+宾+宾补)句子成分划分方法:1.主语:一般由名词、代词充当2.谓语:一般由动词、形容词充当3.宾语:一般由名词、代词充当4.定语:用在主语、宾语前面,起限定作用5.状语:用在谓语前面,起修饰作用6.补语:用在谓语后面,起补充作用(前)(中)(后)位置一、主语主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词)(代词)(数词)(不定式)(动名词)(名词化的形容词)7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(主语从句)(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(二)谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.(二)谓语2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.(2)由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如:DoyouspeakEnglish?Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.(3)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。(三)表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如:1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)2.Isityours?(代词)3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)4.Thespeechisexciting.(分词)5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.(动名词)8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.(介词短语)9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)注意:系动词(Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:Heisateacher.2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:Heseems(tobe)verysad.注意:系动词(Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。4)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turnout,表达“结果是;证明是”,之意,例如:Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.(四)宾语宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(名词)(代词、动名词)(名词、数词)4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(名词化形容词,名词)(不定式短语)(动名词短语)(宾语从句)宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等,例如:HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等,例如:Sheboughtagiftforhermother.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.(五)宾语补足语宾语补足语(ObjectComplement),用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:1.HisfathernamedhimTom.2.Theypaintedthewallwhite.3.Letthedogout.4.Weinviteyoutobringyourfamilyandfriendsonthatspecialday.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythingintheroomingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(名词)(形容词)(副词)(不定式短语)(现在分词)(介词短语)(从句)(六)定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示:1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Englandisadevelopedcountry.(分词)3.TherearetenmenEnglishteachersinourschool.(名词)(形容词)4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthelasttoleavetheclassroom.(不定式短语)6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)7.Heisreadinganarticleabouthowtoloseweight.(介词短语)8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)9.Whichofthefollowingsentenceshasanattributiveclause?A.MichaelhasnoideawhataremarkablewomanSusanis.B.Youshouldbringittohisattentionthatyou’retooilltowork.C.Itwasaquestionwhetherheshouldgetmarriedornot.D.Weneedtodeviseasystemwherebypeoplecanliaisewitheachother.(七)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语(Adverbial)。可由以下形式表示:1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(副词及副词性词组)(介词短语)(不定式短语)4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(分词短语)(名词)(状语从句)9种状语种类如下:1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(时间状语)(原因状语)(条件状语)(地点状语)(方式状语)6.Shecameinwithaflowerinherhand.7.Inordertocatchthefirstbus,Imustgetupearly.8.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn’tfallasleep.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisnotclever.10.Iamtallerthanheis.(伴随状语)(目的状语)(结果状语)(让步状语)(比较状语)10.Whichofthefollowingprepositionphrasescanfunctionasanadverbial?A.Despitetherain,everyoneenjoyedthetrip.B.Themanwithabeardistalkingtothemanager.C.Everyprecautionwastakenagainstthefailureoftheplan.D.AreyousureofSimon’sdisappearance?(八)同位语(Appositive)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任,如:ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmast
本文标题:英语句子成分详解
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