小学英语语法

《小学英语》语法1一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词）二、人称代词三、冠词四、动词五、介词六、数词七、形容词和副词八、therebe结构九、句式1.肯定句2.否定句3.疑问句4.祈使句十、时态：1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.现在进行时4.一般将来时十一、“wh”的特殊疑问句2一、名词名词具体名词抽象名词普通名词专有名词个体名词集体名词名词可数名词不可数名词单数复数3英语语法中，名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词的数：4名词复数形式的构成形式变化规则发音例词一般情况+s1.清辅音结尾的名词后[s]2.浊辅音结尾的名词后[z]；3.元音结尾的名词后[z];books,cups,catsdogs,birds,armsdays,players以-s,-sh,-ch,-x,-z结尾的名词+es[iz]bus,brush,boxes,watch,大多数以-o结尾的名词+es[z]tomatoes,potatoes以元音字母加o结尾的名词+s[z]radios,pianos以辅音字母加y结尾的名词把y改成i再加es[z]stories,families,babies以f和fe结尾的大多数名词把f或fe改成v再加es[z]thieves,knives不规则名词的复数?由元音字母的变化构成：?man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women?2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：?sheep,deer,fish(但也可以是fishes)?有些名词变成复数时加-en:?child-children,ox-oxen5Practise?peach_________2.zoo_________?3.glass_________4.fox_______?5.lady_________6.policewoman_________?7.house___________8.photo_________?9.monkey__________10.wife__________?11.rose____________12.path__________?13.judge___________14.map___________peacheszoosglassesfoxesladiespolicewomenhousesphotosmonkeyswivesrosespathsjudgesmaps6二、人称代词主格：Iweyousheheitthey宾格：meusyouherhimitthem形容词性物主代词：myouryourherhisitstheir名词性物主代词：mineoursyourshershisitstheirs第一人称第二人称第三人称后跟名词能够在句子中独立作主语、宾语或表语7Practise?_______(他)ismybrother.?2.Ihadaletterfrom__________(她).?3.It'sallright;it'sonly_________(我).?4.Today________(我们)wentin_________(我们的)car;tomorrow________(我们)aregoingin_________(他们的).?5.________(我)lend_________(我的)booksgladlyto_______(我的)friendsandto________(你的).?6.Canyouhelp_________(我)with________(我的)English.?7.When________(你)gotosee_________(你的)father,pleasetakethesebooksto________(他).?8.________(他们)found_______(它)difficulttolearnGerman.HehermeweourwetheirsImymyyoursmemyyouyourhimTheyit8所有格所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加'schild-child's以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加'swaitress-waitress's不规则的复数人称名词末尾加'schildren-children's以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加'girls-girls'以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加'sJames-James's下列情况一般用“of”结构：?东西(没有现成的复合名词时):thebookofthefilm?2.东西的一部分:thebottomofthebox?3.抽象的概念:thepriceofsuccess?4.当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：1.Can'tyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou?双重's结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：afriendofmyfather's,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：thissonofmine,afriendofyours,acousinofhers等等。Isn'tFrankafriendofyours?ThatsillyuncleofTom'shastoldmethesameJokefivetimes.9大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流可以互相讨论下，但10冠词不定冠词a,an定冠词the只能用于单数可数名词之前单数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词零冠词名词前可不用冠词11不定冠词的用法：?表示“一”，“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思。?Ihaveasisterandtwobrothers.?2.在某些度量表示法中：?WehavePElessonsthreetimesaweek.?3.用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。?Georgewantstobeanengineer.?4.在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。?Whataprettygirl!?5.一些常用短语中。?haveagoodtime,halfanhour,haveaheadache….12定冠词的用法：?用来表示“独一无二”的意思。?Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.?2.表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。?Thereisaboatintheriver.Theboatismadeofwood.?3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。?theletterfromAmerica,thefourteenthofApril?4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。?Heplaysthepiano.?5.一些常用短语。?bytheway,inthemorning,What'sthematter?13零冠词的用法：?泛指的抽象名词前。Lifeisveryhardforsomepeople.?2.泛指的物质名词前。Waterisveryuseful.?3.泛指的复数名词前。Booksaremybestfriends.?4.泛指的“餐”名前。Cometohavedinner/breakfastwithme.?5.大多数的专有名词前。HecomesfromFrance.?6.语言的名词前。ShecanspeakFrench.?7.在季节和节日的名词前。Winteristhebesttimeforskating.?8.当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。Mybrotherisasoldier.?9.在体育项目的名词前。playbasketball1.10.一些常用短语。athome,gotoschool,atnight141.Thereis_____notebookonmydesk.Iuse_____notebooktokeepadiary.2.Thereis______bottleonthetable._____waterinitissweet.3.Wang'smotheris______Englishteacher.Sheteachesin_____primaryschool.4.Chinais______ancientcountrywith_____longhistory.5.Chinahas_____populationof12hundredmillion._____Chinesepeopleare_____greatpeople.6.Hermotheris_____universityteacher.Sheis_____honestwoman.7.Noneof_____booksshouldbetakenoutof_____roomwithout_____permissionof_____librarian.8._____Partyalwaysteachesustoworkfor_____peopleheartandsoul.9.Shestudiesat____No.3MiddleSchool.Shegoesto____schoolby____buseveryday.10.Myeldersisteris_____studentof_____English.Shestudiesat_____college.11.______Mondaybefore_____SpringFestivalwasverycold.12.Haveyouhad______dinner?PractiseatheaTheantheanatheThe/aanthethethe/The/////aaThe//15四、动词动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词can等。16Be动词am,is,arewas,werebeen17Practise1.He________verygoodatEnglish.2.MyfatherandI________goingtoBeijingnextmonth.3.________youondutythedaybeforeyesterday?4.Mr.King________inLondontwoweeksago.5.There________manykindsofanimalsinthezoo.6.What________thedateyesterday?7.Look!Alittlegirl________flyingakite.8.Who________notatschoollastMonday?9.Haveyouever________toJapan?10.I______notanurse.Iworkasadoctor.isareWerewasarewasiswasbeenam18动词的基本形式原形第三人称单数现在式过去式过去分词现在分词studystudiesstudiedstudiedstudyingdodoesdiddonedoinghavehashadhadhavinglearnlearnslearned/learntlearned/learntlearning19第三人称单数现在式情况变化规则例词一般情况+sworks,learns,eats,needs,says结尾为s,x,sh,ch,o+espasses,washes,teaches,goes,fixes结尾为辅音字母+y变y为i+escarries,studies,flies,hurries,cries动词be和have的第三人称单数现在式分别是is和has。20动词的过去式构成例词读音在动词后加ed在以e结尾的动词后加ed在以辅音字母加y结尾的动词后，先变y为i再加ed在重读闭音节或r音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母时，须双写这个辅音字母再加ed在清辅音后读[t]lookedwashedpassedhopedlikedstoppeddropped在元音和浊辅音后读[d]stayedcal