英语简单句ppt课件

初中英语语法复习专题英语句子概论1一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。21.句子的成分主语:(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：31.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls。4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）47.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）5谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.62、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。72.________________Ourchalkhasrunout.Onhearingthenews,hecheered.★高考经常考查的不及物动词:“发生”__________;__________;__________;____________________“用完,用光”________;________.....★不及物动词的用法:无__________,无_________主语+谓语(S+V)happenoccurtakeplacecomeaboutbreakoutrunoutgiveout宾语被动语态8e.g.1.“过去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化”Ourschoolhastakenplacegreatchangesinthelastfewyears.________________________________________________________.2.Doyouknowwhatwashappenedyesterday?(改错)(×)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschoolinthelastfewyears.＼9表语(Predicative)•用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。•表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：101.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）116.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）12注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.13注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.14★系动词的用法:(注意三点)+___________作表语;无__________;无__________;e.g.Thedish________________.(尝起来好吃)Thestory_______________.(听起来有趣).adj.宾语被动语态tastesdelicioussoundsinteresting15•宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）164.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）17宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.18下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.19下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.20下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)21宾语补足语（ObjectComplement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：221.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）23以上的成分称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2--4个基本成分。24定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Tomisaboywholikesmusicverymuch.（形容词）（分词）（名词）（代词）（不定式）（动名词）（介词短语）（从句）25状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当．状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）26Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式状语Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴随状语Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.目的状语Hewassotiredthathefellasleepi