Experimental-Characterization-of-Advanced-Composit

CRCPRESSBocaRatonLondonNewYorkWashington,D.C.DonaldF.Adams•LeifA.Carlsson•R.ByronPipesThirdEditionExperimentalCharacterizationofAdvancedCompositeMaterialsThisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reprintedmaterialisquotedwithpermission,andsourcesareindicated.Awidevarietyofreferencesarelisted.Reasonableeffortshavebeenmadetopublishreliabledataandinformation,buttheauthorandthepublishercannotassumeresponsibilityforthevalidityofallmaterialsorfortheconsequencesoftheiruse.Neitherthisbooknoranypartmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,microfilming,andrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.TheconsentofCRCPressLLCdoesnotextendtocopyingforgeneraldistribution,forpromo-tion,forcreatingnewworks,orforresale.SpecificpermissionmustbeobtainedinwritingfromCRCPressLLCforsuchcopying.DirectallinquiriestoCRCPressLLC,2000N.W.CorporateBlvd.,BocaRaton,Florida33431.TrademarkNotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation,withoutintenttoinfringe.VisittheCRCPressWebsiteat©2003byCRCPressLLCNoclaimtooriginalU.S.GovernmentworksInternationalStandardBookNumber1-58716-100-1LibraryofCongressCardNumber2002073579PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica1234567890Printedonacid-freepaperLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataCarlsson,LeifA.,1952–Experimentalcharacterizationofadvancedcompositematerials/LeifCarlsson,DonaldF.Adams,R.ByronPipes.—3rded.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN1-58716-100-11.Compositematerials—Testing.I.Adams,DonaldFrederick,1935–II.Pipes,R.Byron.III.Title.TA418.9.C6C3242002620.1′18′0287—dc212002073579CIPTX001_FM_FramePage4Tuesday,September24,200211:19AMDownloadedby[DelftUniversityofTechnology]at09:4409May2014DedicationsD.F.A.:Tomywifeandverybestfriend,Roberta,motherofourfourchildren,Dave,Dan,Doug,andJayneL.A.C.:TothememoryofDr.AlfdeRuvo,coadvisorofmyPh.D.dissertationandlong-timefriend.R.B.P.:TothememoryofProfessorRoyMcCulloughforhisthreedecadesofwarmandsupportivefriendship.TX001_FM_FramePage5Saturday,September21,20024:46AM©2003byCRCPressLLCDownloadedby[DelftUniversityofTechnology]at09:4409May2014PrefaceTheexperimentalcharacterizationofcompositematerialshasbeenanelusivetopic,becauseithasbeenacontinuallyevolvingone.Asnewtypesofcom-positeshavebeendevelopedandnewapplicationsfound,newtestingchal-lengeshavecontinuallyevolved.Forexample,inthe1960stheprimarystructuralcompositematerialavailabletocompetewithmetalsconsistedofcarbonfiberinabrittleepoxymatrix,amaterialofrelativelylowtoughness.Thus,toughnessasapropertywasde-emphasizedbythecompositematerialscommunity.However,bythebeginningofthe1980s,manynewmatrixmate-rials,e.g.,toughenedepoxiesandhigh-temperaturethermoplastics,werebeingincorporatedtoproducetoughenedcomposites.Obviously,theneedquicklyarosetodeveloptestmethodsforrankingtherelativetoughnessofcompositematerials.Buttherearemultipledefinitionsoftoughness,damagetolerance,andtheeffectofdefects.Soonmanytestmethodsnotpreviouslyappliedtocompositeswerebeingproposed,includingModeI,II,andmixed-modefracturemechanics,beamandplateimpact,compressionafterplateimpact,andopen-holetensionandcompression.Thisevolutionoftestmethodstomeetnewdemandshascontinuedovertheyearsasadditionalaspectshaveriseninimportance;e.g.,influencesoftemperature,moisture,solvents,andotherfactorsaffectingdurability.Improvementsinfiber–matrixinterfacialbonding,theintroductionoforganicfiberssuchasaramid,polyethylene,liquidcrystalpolymer,andnaturalformssuchashempandjute,andultrahighmodulusinorganicfibers,particularlycarbon,alsohaveoccurred.Likewise,newclassesofmatrixmaterialssuchasbismalimides,polyimides,andmanyothershavenecessitatedstillmoretestmethods,orrevisionsofexistingones.Aswenowenterthe21stcentury,applicationsofalltypesofcompositematerialstocommercialproductsarebeingemphasized.Inanticipationofthisdevelopment,the1990swereaperiodofconsolidationoftestmethods,andattemptstobetterunderstandthosemethodsbeingused.Thus,thepresenttextcomesatanopportunetime,i.e.,whentheevolutionoftestmethodsisinarelativelystableperiodanddefinitiverecommendationscanbemade.Thegoalofthistextistopresentprimarilyonlythosemechanicaltestmethodsthathaveachievedsomeconsensusasbeingthebestpresentlyavailable,recognizingthat“best”isoftensubjective.Theprimaryaudienceforthistextwillbeuniversity,juniorcollege,andtechnicalschoolundergraduatestudents,andbeginninguniversitygraduatestudents,takingacourseinexperimentalmechanicsofcompositematerials.However,thistextalsoaddressesamuchlargeraudience.Quitefrequently,engineersandtechniciansinindustryandgovernmentlaboratoriesareTX001_FM_FramePage7Saturday,September21,20024:46AM©2003byCRCPressLLCDownloadedby[DelftUniversityofTechnology]at09:4409May2014assignedcompositematerialtestingresponsibilities,buthavelittleornopriorexperience.Theseindividualsareassociatedwithawiderangeoforganizations,includingcorporateresearch,federallaboratories,un