语言学总复习

语言学复习1.InvitationstoLinguistics1.Whatislanguage?2.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?3.Whatisarbitrariness?4.Whatisduality?5.Whatiscreativity?6.Whatisdisplacement?7.Theoriginoflanguage.8.Whatfunctionsdoeslanguagehave?9.WhatisLinguistics?10.Whatarethemainbranchesoflinguistics?11.ImportantdistinctionsinLiguistics.1、Descriptive&Prescriptive（描写与规定）2、SynchronicL&DiachronicL(共时L与历时L)3、Langue&Parole（语言与言语）4、Competence&Performance（语言能力与语言应用）Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystem.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsic(内在的)connectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”——RomeoandJulier“Designfeatures”hererefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission.2.SpeechSounds1.Whatisphonetics?2.Whatarethethreemainbranchesofphonetics?3.ClassificationofEnglishConsonants.4.ClassificationofVowels.5.Whatisphonology?6.What’sthedifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonology?7.Whatisaphone?Whatisaphoneme?Whatisanallophone?Whatisphonetics?Thesciencestudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,especiallythosesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.1．ArticulatoryPhonetics发音语音学Phonetics2．AcousticPhonetics声学语音学3．AuditoryPhonetics听觉语音学1.ArticulatoryPhonetics:thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.2.AcousticPhonetics：isthestudyofphysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.3.AuditoryPhonetics：isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Stop（Plosive）塞音（爆破音）[b][p][t][d][k][g]Nasal鼻音[m][n][ŋ]Fricative擦音[f][v][θ][s][z][∫][З]Approximant中通音[j][r][w]Lateral边通音[l]Trill颤音[r]TapandFlap触音Affricate塞擦音[t∫][dЗ]Bilabial双唇音[p][b][m]Labiodental唇齿音[f][v]Dental齿音[θ][ð]Alveolar齿龈音[t][d][n][r][s][z][l]Postalveolar后齿龈音[ʃ][ʒ][dʒ][tʃ]Retroflex卷舌音[r]Palatal腭音[j]Velar软腭音[k][g][ŋ]Uvular小舌音[r]Pharyngeal咽音Glottal声门音“Phonology”isthestudyofsoundsystems—theinventionofdistinctivespeechsoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatterns.音位学研究的是一种语言的整个语音系统及其分布或布局状况，包括某一特定语言里的语音或音位分布和结合的规则或规律。1.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.2.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages.1）Phone（音素）:aphoneticunit,thesmallestpartofphonetics.[ptkh]eg.tip;pit;spit语音属于言语2）Phoneme（音位）：phonologicalunit是音位学单位，音位属于语言。/php=/3）Allophone（音位变体）:Thedifferentphonesrepresentingaphonemeareallophones./pit/;/tip/;/spit/3.FromMorphemetoPhrase1.Whatismorphology?2.Whatisamorpheme?Whatisanallomorph?3.Whatisafreemorpheme?Whatisaboundmorpheme?4.Whatisaroot?Whatisastem?Whatisanaffix?5.Whatareopenclasses?Whatareclosedclasses?6.Whatisword?“Morphology”isthebranchofgrammarthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.“Morpheme”isthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedivided.Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.FreeMorphemes:independentofothermorphemes.completemeaning;usedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentencesman,earth,wind,car,angerBoundMorphemes:cannotoccurasseparatewordsrecollectionre/collect/ionRoot（词根）:isthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Stem（词干）:mayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeorplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemes.Affixes（词缀）:areformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Closedclasswords（封闭类词）Open-classwords（开放类词）1)Closedwords:theirmembershipisfixedorlimited.E.g.pro.prep.conj.art.etc.2)Open-classwords:whosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.e.g.n.v.adj.adv.E.g.regarding/withregardto;throughout,inspiteofWord:isaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaning.4.FromWordtoText1.Whatissyntax?2.Whatiscategory?Whatissyntacticcategory?3.WhatisICanalysis?4.Whatareendocentricandexocentricconstructions?5.Whatisconcord?1.WhatisSyntax?Syn:“together”Tax:“toarrange”Syntax:Itstudiestherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage.Inshort:Itstudiestheformationofsentences.2.CategoryCategoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.Syntacticcategory:能在句子中起相同作用的词构成相同的句法范畴。句法范畴不同于词类，两个属于不同词类的词可能属于同一句法范畴。3.WhatisImmediateConstituent(IC)Analysis?TherelationbetweenasentenceanditscomponentelementsisaConstruction（结构体）anditsConstituents（成分）.ToanalyzetheirrelationsisIC.Toshowhowsmallconstituentsinsentencesgotogethertoformlargeconstituents.WithBloomfield’sICAnalysis:TheboykickedtheballTheboykickedtheballSNPVPDetNVNPDetNTheboykickedtheballWithChomsky’sTreeDiagramanalysis4.EndocentricandExocentricconstructions:向心结构和离心结构P78EndocentricConstruction:isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents.Awordoragroupofwordsservesasadefinable“center.”某一成分决定了整体短语的性质twoprettygirlsExocentricConstruction:oppositeofendocentricconstruction,referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwo