4.Renaissance-and-Reformantion6-8讲

DivisionFourRenaissanceandReformationⅠ.GeneralIntroduction1.Renaissance名词解释：A.DurationTime持续时间B.LiteralSense字面意义C.FigurativeSense深层涵义A.Generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid17thcentury.B.Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,复苏；复兴specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.C.Renaissance,therefore,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholars人文主义思考者和学者madeattemptsto竭尽全力↘(三个目的)：①GetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropean②introducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestoftherisingbourgeoisie.新兴资产阶级的利益③tolifttherestrictioninallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.打破禁锢2.(选)RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenice佛罗伦萨城邦与威尼斯城邦withthefloweringofpainting,sculptureandarchitecture.Ⅱ.RenaissanceinItaly1.论述题：WhydowesayRenaissancefirstbegininItaly?A.GeographicallyB.politicallyC.D.↘:A.Becauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntrade海外贸易developedearlyinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwitheachotherculturesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalytoaccumulatewealth.B.Italywasdividedintocity–states城邦towardsthe15thcentury，therewerefivemaincity–states－－：theDuchyofMilan;米兰城邦theRepublicofFlorencetheRepublicofVenicethepapalstates教会附属城邦thekingdomofVenice.威尼斯诸侯国C.Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelatefifteenthcentury,Florencewasthegoldencity黄金城邦whichgavebirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors.Librariesandacademicswerefounded.Printingwasinvented.D.TheRenaissancereacheditsheightinthe16thcenturywithitscentremovingtoMilan,thentoRome,andcreatedHighRenaissance(1490~1530).2.TheRiseofHumanism⑴.Intellectualsbecamecloselytiedupwiththerisingbourgeoisie.⑵.(选)AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophywastheassertionofthegreatnessofman.文艺复兴的核心思想是以人为本。3.NewLiterature新文学a.删b.FrancescoPetrarch彼特拉克(1304~1374)----agreatfigureinItalyliterature.⑴.Inthecourseofhistravels,hefoundtimetowritenumerousa.lyricsb.sonnets商籁/十四行诗（首创）c.canzonets八音对仗句（首创）⑵.In1333,atLiege里格市,Belgium,hediscoveredCicero’sOrationProArochia,aRomanDefenseofPoetry,《论诗歌的庇佑》，whichwasagreatcontributiontowesterncivilization.⑶.PetrarchwasbestknownforCanzoniers,八音对仗句abookoflyricalsongswritteninhisItaliandialect.4.RenaissanceArt(02,03年)重点☆论述题：*WhatisRenaissanceArt?----n.答一点Anditscharacteristics?答四点↘：⑴先进行名词解释：①.AradicalbreakwithmedievalmethodsofrepresentingthevisibleworldoccurredinItalyduringthesecondhalfofthe13thcentury.②.Itwasnotuntiltheseconddecadeofthe15thcentury15世纪20年代thattherewasadecidedbreakwiththemedievalpictorialtradition.打破了浪漫的不切实际的田园主义⑵.ThetraditionoftheRenaissancearthasthefollowingdistinctfeatures:①.Artbrokeawayfromthedominationofthechurch.②.Themesofpaintingschangedtoanappreciationofallaspectsofnatureandman.③.TheartistsstudiedtheruinsofRomanandGreektemplesandputmanyoftheprinciples原则方法ofancientcivilizationintotheirworks.Theybegantobesupportedbyindividualcollectors.私人收藏家----赞助商④.Artistsintroducedintheirworksscientifictheoriesofanatomyandperspective.解剖学和透视学a.EarlyRenaissanceArtists(删)b.HighRenaissanceArtists(每年考得非常细！)ⅰ.LeonardodaVinci(1452~1519)⒈HeisaRenaissancemaninthetruesenseoftheword.真正意义上的人文主义大师⒉LeonardowasbornatasmalltownnearFlorence,wherehewasapprenticedtoapainter.⒊Infacttodayonlyabouttwelvepaintings(选)arelookeduponashavingbeendonebyhim.⒋Tounderstandthemanonehastherefore,toreadthe5000notebooks手记(04年选)inwhichheputdownhisobservationsinlifeandhissketchdrawings.素描作品5.Inpaintinghestressedtheexpressionofemotionalstates,表达人的情感状态which,tohimwere,theheartofpainting.绘画的核心。*.Works(重点掌握)⑴.LastSupper*DaVinciputtheChristianstorytheLastSupperintopaintingnamedLastSupperintheRenaissanceperiod.*Whatisthefresco绘画特点byDaVinciinLastSupper?↘：①.ThefrescothatDaVincididwashighlydramaticinpresentation高度戏剧化andhighlyrhythmicalincomposition.创作中的节奏感②.Itseffectiveuseofcontrastbetweenlightanddarkness.高度的明暗对比⑵.MonaLisa*IfLastSupperisthemostfamousofreligiouspictures宗教作品,thenMonaLisaprobablyistheworld’smostfamousportrait.肖像画ⅱ.MichelangeloBuonarroti（1475~1564）（拼写）⒈MichelangelowasatoweringfigureoftheRenaissance.杰出的人⒉(选)Asa16thcenturyartistMichelangelowasforcedtodependonthefavorofgreatpatronsandhadtoworkonprojectsagainsthisownwillandagainsthisowninterests.⒊(一句话简答)WhatistheartisticstyleofMichelangelo?↘A+B*Hefreedhimselffromtheoldtraditionofdecoration古老的绘画传统ontheonehandanddocumentaryrealismontheother.纪实性*Majorworks:⒈David,ItwastheresultofhisstudiesinRomeofancientsculpture.⒉SistineChapel《罗马梵蒂冈的西斯廷教堂》*ItwassocalledbecauseitwasthechapelintheVaticanwhichhadbeenbuiltbyPopeSixtusⅣ西斯廷四世教皇⒊DyingSlave《垂死的奴隶》*amarblestatue↘目的：destinedforthetombofPopeJuliusⅡ.裘利斯二世教皇⒋Moses,itwasasuperhumanfigure比一般人体放大的像forthetombofJuliusⅡ.ⅲ.Raphael（1483~1520）拉斐尔*WhatisthestrikingcharacteristicofRaphael?⒈ThereisinhisworktheexquisiteharmonyandbalanceoftheHighRenaissance.极度的和谐与平衡⒉Asweetnessoftemper：⑴RaphaelwasbestknownforhisMadonna（VirginMary）即圣母像组图HepaintedhisMadonnasindifferentpostures,andhecametobeknownastheelegantRaphael.落落大方的拉斐尔⑵（一句话简答）：Oneofthefamouspaintingsbesid