胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part3

1.3DesignfeaturesoflanguageDesignfeatures:thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages.Theymakeourlanguageadvantageousoveranimal“languages”.1.3.1ArbitrarinessTheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(Saussure)(1)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning(2)Atthesyntacticlevel(3)Arbitrarinessandconvention1.3.2Duality“Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization”(Lyon,1982:20).Advantage:Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedourofasmallnumberofelements.1.3.3CreativityLanguagecanproducesentencethathasneverbeenheard.Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.1.3.4DisplacementHumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Otherdesignfeatures„CulturaltransmissionLanguageispasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Humanbeingmustbeexposedtolanguageenvironment.„InterchangeabilityAnyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandreceiverofthemessage.1.4Originoflanguage„Thebow-wowtheory„Thepooh-poohtheory„The“yo-he-ho”theory1.5Functionsoflanguage1.5.1Informative1.5.2Interpersonalfunction1.5.3Performative1.5.4Emotivefunction1.5.5Phaticcommunion1.5.6Recreationalfunction1.5.7Metalingualfunction1.6Whatislinguistics?„Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.1.7Mainbranchesoflinguistics1.7.1PhoneticsPhoneticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesspeechsoundsinhumanlanguage.Majordomains:Articulatoryphonetics,AcousticphoneticsAuditoryphonetics1.7.2Phonology-Phonologyisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesoundpatternofalanguage.-Itdealswiththerulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.-Phoneticsvs.PhonologyPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsoundsthatthehumanvoiceiscapableofcreatingwhereasphonologyisthestudyofasubsetofthosesoundsthatconstitutelanguageandmeaning.Thefirstfocusonchaoswhilethesecondfocusesonorder.1.7.3MorphologyMorphologyisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherelationshipsamongwords.1.7.4SyntaxSyntaxisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofsentencesandtherelationshipsamongtheinternalparts.1.7.5SemanticsSemanticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthenatureofthemeaningofindividualwords,andthemeaningofwordsgroupedintophrasesandsentences.1.7.6PragmaticsPragmaticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestheuseofwords,phrasesandsentencesintheactualcontextofdiscourse.1.8Macrolinguistics1.8.1PsycholinguisticsPsycholinguisticsstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandmind.Italsostudieslanguagedevelopmentinthechild,biologicalfoundationsoflanguageandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition.1.8.2SociolinguisticsSociolinguisticsisthestudyofcharacteristicsoflanguagevarieties,thecharacteristicsoftheirfunctions,andthecharacteristicsoftheirspeakers.1.8.3AnthropologicallinguisticsAnthropologicallinguisticsisthestudyofthehistoryandstructureofformerlyunwrittenlanguages.Theyareconcernedwiththeemergenceanddivergenceoflanguagesoverthousandsofyears.1.8.4ComputationallinguisticsComputationallinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.1.9Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.9.1Descriptivevs.prescriptive-Descriptive(non-normative):todescribewhatpeoplesay.“…thelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness.”(Lyon,1982:47)-Prescriptive:toprescribehowpeopleshouldsay.Inthe18thcentury,thegrammarianstriedtolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.1.9.2Synchronicvs.diachronic-Synchroniclinguisticsisthestudyofagivenlanguageatagivenperiodoftime.E.g.“AGrammarofModernGreek”-Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofthechangesthelanguagehasexperienced.1.9.3Langue&parole(Saussure)-Langueistheabstractlinguisticformorsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Itisasocialproduct.Itisasetofconvention.-Paroleistheactualoractualizedlanguage.Itistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsorapplicationoftherules.1.9.4Competenceandperformance(Chomsky)-Competencereferstotheideallanguagespeaker’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.-Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguagebythespeakerinconcretesituation.1.9.5Eticvs.Emic(Pike)QuestionsandExercises„Doyouthinkthatonomatopoeiaindicatesanon-arbitraryrelationshipbetweenformandmeaning?„Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality,why?„Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfacialexpression.Dobodylanguageandfacialexpressionshareorlackthedistinctivepropertiesofhumanlanguage?„CanyoumentionsometypicalexpressionsofphaticcommunioninChinese?