高中英语构词法

Wordformation构词法在英语中,词的构成法主要有四种:合成、转化、派生、缩略一、合成由两个或更多的词合成一个词，有的用连词符号“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由分开的两个词构成。1.合成名词名词+名词cowboynewspaper名词+inghandwritingsunbathinging+名词waiting-roomsleeping-pill形容词+名词blackboardshorthand名词＋及物动词＋er／orpain-killer止痛药名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑副词＋动词outbreak爆发介词＋名词afternoon下午……2.合成动词:副词+动词overthrowuphold形容词+动词blacklistwhitewash名词+动词sleepwalksunburn3.合成形容词:名词+形容词snow-whitelifelong名词+过去分词man-madehandmade数词+名词one-waysecond-hand一、合成4.合成副词•形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地•形容词＋副词everywhere到处•副词＋副词however尽管如此•介词＋名词beforehand事先•介词＋副词forever永远一、合成5.合成代词代词宾格＋selfherself她自己物主代词＋selfmyself我自己形容词＋名词anything任何东西6.合成介词副词＋名词inside在……里面介词＋副词within在……之内副词＋介词into进入一、合成二、转化:(1)动词名词:taste(v.)taste(n.)Ittastesgood.Ithasagoodtaste.(2)名词动词:hand(n.)hand(v.)Let’sgohandinhand.Pleasehandinyourexercisebooksafterclass.(3)形容词动词:clean(adj.)clean(v.)Herroomiscleanandtidy.Shecleansherroomeveryday.由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性.三、派生：1.表示否定意义的前缀dis-dishonest,dislikein-,ig-,il,im,ir,incapable,inability,ignoble,illegal,impossible,immoral,irregularmis-misunderstandmisleadnon-nonsensenonstopun-unable,unemploymentanti-,ant-antiknock(防震),antiforeigner,(排外的)由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另外一个词。2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀1)a-表示“在……之上”，“向……”aboard,aside,2)by-表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypath,bypass(弯路)3)inter-,intel-,表示“在……间，相互”international,interaction,internet4)mid-,表示“中，中间”midnight,mid-autumn5)out-,表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outline,outside,outward6)over-,表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook,overhead(在头顶,在高处),overboard7)extra-,表示“额外”extraction（提取）8)fore-表示“在前面”forehead,foretell9)in-,im-,表示“向内，在内，背于”inland,invade,inside,import2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀10)under-,表示“在…..下面，下的”underline,underground,underwater11)up-,表示“向上，向上面，在上”upward,uphold,uphill(上坡)1．re--“又\,再”repeat,review,return,reunite,remarry2.co—“联合，伴同”cooperate,coexist,co-worker3.super—“在…上；加之”superman,supermarket4.tele远程telephone,telegraph,telescope5.de-向相反方向发展decentralize（分散）,defrost（解冻）6.trans-过，穿过，变transformation(变形),translate7.vice-副vice-premier,vice-president3.表示其他意义的前缀:•7.vice-副vice-premier,vice-president•8.semi-半semifinal,semicircle,semi-automatic•9.bi两个bicycle,biennial两年一次的•10.tri三个triangle三角形,tricycle三轮脚踏车,triplets三胞胎•11.mul-多，多种multiply(使增加),multi-national,multi-coloured•12.kilo-千kilometre,kilogramme后缀例词名词-ability-age-al-an-cy-er-or-ese-ee-eer-ery-essinability,responsibilityleakage(托管人,保管人),shortagerenewal,withdrawalAmerican,Koreanprivacy,accuracyfarmer,thinker,painkilleractor,sailor,collectorChinese,Japanese,Portugueseemployee,trustee,intervieweeengineer,profiteer(获暴利的人,奸商)machinery,jewelleryactress,waitress后缀例词名词-ful-ian-ist-ism-ment-ness-ship-tion-urearmful,handful,mouthfulEgyptian,Russian,Asian,musicianartist,pianist,communist,scientistsocialism,realism,idealismgovernment,movement,developmentbusiness,illness,darknessfriendship,ownershipinvention,liberation,educationdeparture,failure,exposure后缀例词形容词-able-al-an-ern-est-ful-ish-ive-y-less-someadvisable,admirable,comfortablephysical,national,politicalAmerican,Italian,Australiansouthern,northern,easternfattest,latest,luckiesthelpful,useful,carefulBritish,English,foolish,childishactive,instructive,expensivecloudy,windy,dirty,sunnycareless,uselesstroublesome,tiresome后缀例词动词-(e)n-fy-ize-atewiden,strengthen,lengthensimplify,beautifyapologize,organize,realizeactivate,motivate(激发,刺激)后缀例词副词-ly-down-ward(s)really,badly,perfectly,trulyface-down,palm-down(手掌向下地)towards,forward,outward后缀例词数词-teen-ty-thfourteen,fifteen,eighteenforty,fifty,eightyfourth,fifth,eighthPractice(I):从右栏中找出适当的词与左栏搭配构成合成词.booklookersnewfarfirsttroubletenbabyoveremptya.reachingb.casec.minuted.classe.bornf.ong.handedh.eati.sitj.freePractice(II):rain(形容词)________agree(反义)__________nation(形容词)_______farm(人)__________recent(副词)________friend(形容词)________hope(形容词)_______back(形容词)_________visit(名词)__________home(形容词)________eight(序数词)________true(名词)___________America(形容词)_______China(形容词)________按括号内的要求改写下列单词rainynationalrecentlyhopefulvisitoreighthAmericandisagreefarmerfriendlybackwardshomelesstruthChinese四、缩略法缩略法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1.截头telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus→bus2.去尾mathematics→mathsco-operate→co-opexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→labtaxicab→taxi3.截头去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)要人；大人物television→TV(读字母音)电视TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福