English-Rhetoric-Chapter-1-Syntactic-devices-(5)

Chapter1Syntacticdevices(5)Whatdowelearninthispart?SyntacticschemesofadditionandinsertionSyntacticschemesofrepetitionSyntacticschemesofclimaxandanti-climaxRhetoricalquestionApodioxisApostropheSyntacticschemeswith“it”Existentialsentences1Chapter1Syntacticdevices(5)Questionsforyoutoconsider:1.Nowwehavelearnedpolysyndeton.Butwhatdowenormallydowithconjunctionswhenweenumerate?2.Whatdoyouthinkaboutrepetition?Willyourepeatfornothing?3.Isthereadifferencebetweenexegesisandexergasia?2Chapter1Syntacticdevices(5)1.12Syntacticschemesofadditionorinsertion•Awriteromitsforsomerhetoricalpurposes,aswehavelearnedinsection11.Buthealsoaddsorinsertsforsomerhetoricalpurposes.31.12.1Generalremarks•Writerssometimesfinditnecessarytoclarify(澄清),qualify(限定),oramplify(扩展)apointorstatement,foremphasis.•Atothertimes,theymaywishtosaysomethingasanafterthought,orinsertsomerandomobservationinastatement.41.12.1Generalremarks•Todothis,theymayresorttoanyoneofthefollowingdevices:--polysyndeton(连词叠用)--epanorthosis(换语)--exegesis(诠释)--exergasia(扩展解释)--apposition(同位)--parenthesis(插入语)51.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Polysyndetonistheoppositeofasyndeton,aswelearnedinsection1.11.4.•Polysyndetonistheuseofseveralconjunctionsinclosesuccession,especiallywheresomemightbeomitted(Wikipedia).61.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Itisastylisticschemeusedtoachieveavarietyofeffects:itcanincreasetherhythmofprose,speedorslowitspace,conveysolemnityorevenecstasyandchildlikeexuberance(ibid.).71.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Theconjunctionsinvolvedaremainlyand,orandbut(butisseldomused).81.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Normally,weuseaconjunctionforthelastiteminaseries,withorwithoutacomma(,);butinasyndeticoperations,theconjunctionforthelastitemisomitted.•Pleasecompare:91.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)Normal•Icame,Isaw,(and)Iconquered.Asyndetic•Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.101.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Butinpolysyndeticoperations,everyiteminaseriesafterthefirstoneisprecededbyaconjunction(mostlybyand).•Anexample:11Isaid,'Whokilledhim?'andhesaid'Idon'tknowwhokilledhim,buthe'sdeadallright,'anditwasdarkandtherewaswaterstandinginthestreetandnolightsorwindowsbrokeandboatsallupinthetownandtreesblowndownandeverythingallblownandIgotaskiffandwentoutandfoundmyboatwhereIhadherinsideMangoKeyandshewasrightonlyshewasfullofwater.--ErnestHemingway,AftertheStormExample121.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Apartfromand,theconjunctionorisalsooftenusedpolysyndetically.•Whenwediscussthisconjunctionorusedpolysyndetically,itbringstomymindtheancientIndianstoryoftheSixBlindMenandanElephant.131.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Inthisstory,asitistoldinprose,thereisnormallysuchasentenceattheendofthestory:“Theelephantisn'tlikeawall,oraspear,orasnake,oratree;neitherishelikeafan.”cfTheelephantisn'tlikeawall,aspear,asnake,oratree.141.12.2Polysyndeton(连词叠用)•Moreexamplesonpp53-54.•Sometimestheconjunctionnorisrepeatedlyusedintheconstructionofneither…nor….•Examplesonpp54-55.•Inaddition,norservestostarteachofaseriesofsentences.Anexample:15AsfarasSaddamHusseinbeingagreatmilitarystrategist,heisneitherastrategist,norisheschooledintheoperationalart,norisheatactician,norisheageneral,norisheasoldier.Otherthanthathe'sagreatmilitaryman--Iwantyoutoknowthat.()Example161.12.3Epanorthosis(换语)•Anepanorthosisisafigureofspeechthatsignifiesemphaticwordreplacement(Wikipedia).•Moreoften,however,epanorthosissignifiesimmediateandemphaticself-correction,andassuchoftenfollowsaFreudianslip(anerrorinspeech,memory,orphysicalaction)(eitheraccidentalordeliberate)(ibid.).•Anexample:17Hehadagirlthere,well,shewasn’texactlyagirl,shewasthirty-fiveifshewasaday.--W.SomersetMaugham,“TheColonel’sLady”自译：他在那儿有个女孩，哦，她确实不是个小孩子了，她其实有35岁了。Example18“ThepsychologistknownasSigmundFraud—Freud,Imean!”Example1I'vebeendoingthisforsixweeks!—er,days,thatis.”Example2Someadditionalexamples19“Manhaspartedcompanywithhistrustyfriendthehorseandhassailedintotheazure(苍天)withtheeagles,eaglesbeingrepresentedbytheinfernalcombustionengine—erer,internalcombustionengine(内燃机车).[loudlaughter]Internalcombustionengine!Engine!–WinstonChurchill,“SpeechatHarvardUniversity,”6September1943Example3201.12.4Exegesis(暂译：诠释)•Exegesisreferstoaclarificationofthoughtorstatementinthesamesentence,makingmoreexplicitorconcretewhatismentionedinthemainproposition.211.12.4Exegesis(暂译：诠释)•Thisclarificationcanbedoneinthefollowingways:--repeatingkeywordsandexplainingthem--givingconcretedetailstoillustrateageneralnotion--sayingsomethinginsimplerwords•Examplesonpp56-57.22Hehadbeenputtingonweight(发福)lately,butwasstillafinefigureofman;tall,withgreycurlyhair,onlyjustbeginningtogrowthinonthecrown(头发微微谢顶),frankblueeyes,goodfeatures(面容好)andahighcolour(肤色好看).--W.SomersetMaugham,“TheColonel’sLady”Anexampleonpp56-57231.12.5Exergasia(暂译：扩展解释)•Exergasia,whichmeans“amplification”inLatin,isarhetoricaldeviceinwhichthesamethingisdescribedinseveralways,toemphasizeapointorquality,orafeature.241.12.5Exergasia(暂译：扩展解释)•Exergasiacantakethefollowingforms:--Pilingupofadjectivesoradjectivephrases--Pilingupofnounsorno