2013专业硕士英语-Unit-5-Agricultural-Extension-and-Rural

Unit5AgriculturalExtensionandRuralDevelopmentWarming-up1.Asanurbanitewithhigheducationalbackground,haveyoueverthoughtofquittingyourjobinthecityandmovingtothecountryside?2.Whatkindofchangewilltherural-urbanmigrationofpeasantsbringtotheruraldevelopmentinChina?3.Inmanydevelopedcountries,farmersonlyaccountfor2-3%ofthetotalpopulation.DoyouthinkChinawillfollowthatpatternofdevelopmentwithfurtherintensificationofurbanization?BackgroundInformation:AgriculturalExtension•Agriculturalextension:theapplicationofscientificresearchandnewknowledgetoagriculturalpracticesthroughfarmereducation.•Thefieldofextension:communicationandlearningactivitiesorganizedforruralpeoplebyeducatorsfromdifferentdisciplines,includingagriculture,agriculturalmarketing,health,andbusinessstudies.•Extensionpractitionerscanbefoundthroughouttheworld,usuallyworkingforgovernmentagencies.Theyarerepresentedbyseveralprofessionalorganizations,networksandextensionjournals.BriefHistoryofAgriculturalExtension•Menandwomenhavebeengrowingcropsandraisinglivestockforapproximately10,000years.•Throughoutthisperiod,farmershavecontinuallyadaptedtheirtechnologies,assessedtheresults,andsharedwhattheyhavelearnedwithothermembersofthecommunity.•Mostofthiscommunicationhastakentheformofverbalexplanationsandpracticaldemonstrations,butsomeinformationtookamoredurableformassoonassystemsofwritingweredeveloped.•DetailsofagriculturalpracticeshavebeenfoundinrecordsfromancientEgypt,MesopotamiaandChinagoingbackmorethan3,000years.AgriculturalExtensioninAncientChina•Itisnotknownwhereorwhenthefirstextensionactivitiestookplace.Itisknown,however,thatChineseofficialswerecreatingagriculturalpolicies,documentingpracticalknowledge,anddisseminatingadvicetofarmersatleast2,000yearsago.•Inapproximately800BC,theministerresponsibleforagricultureinZhoudynastyorganizedtheteachingofcroprotationanddrainagetofarmers.Theministeralsoleasedequipmenttofarmers,builtgrainstoresandsuppliedfreefoodduringtimesoffamine.•Ruralcommunitydevelopmentisimportantindevelopingcountries:alargepartofthepopulationisengagedinfarming.•Consequently,arangeofcommunitydevelopmentmethodshavebeencreatedandusedbyorganisationsinvolvedininternationaldevelopment.•Mostoftheseeffortstopromoteruralcommunitydevelopmentareledby'experts'fromoutsidethecommunity:governmentofficials,staffofnon-governmentalorganizationsandforeignadvisers.•Thishasledtoalongdebateabouttheissueofparticipation,inwhichquestionshavebeenraisedaboutthesustainabilityoftheseeffortsandtheextenttowhichruralpeopleare–orarenot–beingempoweredtomakedecisionsforthemselves.Ruralcommunitydevelopment•Ruralcommunitydevelopmentencompassesarangeofapproachesandactivitiesthataimtoimprovethewelfareandlivelihoodsofpeoplelivinginruralareas.•Asabranchofcommunitydevelopment,theseapproachespayattentiontosocialissuesparticularlycommunityorganizing.•Incontrasttootherformsofruraldevelopmentthatfocusonpublicworks(e.g.ruralroadsandelectrification)andtechnology(e.g.toolsandtechniquesforimprovingagriculturalproduction).TextACountryLifeMovementNewWords&Expressions:Words1.elusive:adj.difficulttodescribe/explain/achieve难找的，难以解释的，难以达到的•anelusiveperson一个令人难以捉摸的人•aneverelusivedream一个遥不可及的梦•Christensendiscoveredararebirthdefect,knownasagenesisofthecorpuscallosum,duringabrainscaninthe1980s.Peekwasmissingthethickbundleofmillionsofnervefibersthatconnectstheleftandrighthemispheresofthebrain.ButapreciseexplanationforPeek'smixofabilitiesanddisabilitiesremainedelusive.---Peek:DustinHoffmanportrayedacharacterbasedonPeekinthe1988filmRainMan.→在20世纪80年代进行的一次脑扫描中，Christensen发现了Peek患有一种被称作胼胝体发育不全的罕见的先天缺陷，他的左右脑连接的纤维束缺失了。但是对于他才能和行为能力缺失的混合现象仍然没有科学的解释。2.deteriorate：v.tobecomeworsedeterior(=worse)+-ate(v.)→makeworse:使恶化,变坏•increasinglydeterioratingenvironment:不断恶化的环境•deterioratinghealth：身体每况愈下•It'sreportedonTVinthemainlandthatthediscussionsintheso-calledTaiwanCongressoftendeteriorateintobitterquarrels,evenintobodilyconflicts.•派生词：deterioration，deteriorative，deteriorated，deteriorating本课词汇学习要点：英语的否定前缀:a-ab-anti-counter-de-dis-il-im-in-ir-mal-mis-non-un-•1.a-ab-主要加在形容词动词前:atypical非典型性的，abnormal非正常的;abuse滥用、错误使用、虐待•2.anti-加在名词、形容词前边:anti-Japanese抗日战争、anti-social反社会的、antidote解毒药•3.counter-加在名词、动词前：counterstrike反击、counteract抵抗阻碍、counterrevolution反革命•4.de-加在名词、形容词前除去，去掉:decrease减少，deteriorate恶化，demobilize遣散,使…复员、decolor脱色漂白;depopulate：(使)人口减少,degeneration:退化,恶化,堕落•5.dis-主要加在名词、形容词，动词之前：disadvantage缺点、dishonorable不光彩的、disagree不同意、disappear消失、disarm解除武装、discontent不满•6.il-主要加在以1开头的单词的前边：illegal非法的、illiterate文盲的、illogical不合逻辑的•7.im-加在m，b，p之前:impossible不可能的、impolite不礼貌的•8.in-常加在形容词，名词之前:incorrect不正确的、inability无能无力、inaccurate不准确的•9.ir-放在以r开头的英语单词前面：irregular不稳定的、irresistable不可抵抗的、irresolvable不能分解的/不能解决的•10.mal-主要加在形容词名词之前:malfunction功能紊乱，malicious恶意的•11.mis-加在动词、名词前:misunderstand误解、misjudge误判、misleading误导、misfortune不幸•12.non-加在形容词、名词前:non-existence不存在、non-essential不主要的、non-electrical非电的•13.un-主要放于名词，形容词，副词前面:unfinished未完成的、undoubted无疑的、unemployment失业3.ethnic:adj.民族的，种族的ethnicfood,ethnicgroups,ethnicminorities,studentsfromallethnicbackgroun