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ReadingComprehensionPassage1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivateenterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.11.InLine11,Para1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means__.[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes12.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat__.[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices13.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby__.[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol[C]ownershipofproductiveresources[D]freecontractsandprices14.Thepassageismainlyabout__.[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofits一、文章结构总体分析本文是一篇介绍美国经济结构的文章,主要论述美国的经济以私营企业为基础、以市场经济为导向。文中反复出现的中心词组是private-enterprise,market-orientedeconomysystem(inAmerica)。第一段:首句是全文的主题,即主要讨论美国经济体制的特点是通过私有企业和市场导向起调节作用。末句是该段的主题——它将全文中心思想换了一种方式表达,分析和指出消费者的需求、企业家对最大利润的追求和个人对收入取得最大收益的渴望——这三个因素共同决定着生产什么和如何使用资源进行生产。第二段:主题词是pricesystem,首句是该段的主题句,说明市场导向型经济的重要特点之一是价格机制。第三段:说明私营经济的性质和特点,即财产私有,同时还拥有相关权利。二、试题分析11.InLine11,Para1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means__.第一段第11行的“个人想最大限度地扩大收入”在文中的含义是___________。[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[A]美国人从来没有对其收入满意过[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[B]美国人往往夸大自己的收入[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased[C]美国人想让自己的收入得到增加[D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes[D]美国人想提高自己收入的购买力[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是:句题题。先定位到第一段末句。解题的关键是看对maximize的理解。原文所在句“coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”将生产者和消费者的愿望对照来说。句中的两个maximize平衡并列,作用、意义完全相同。因此知道maximize在第一处的意义即可知道第二处之意。众所周知,商人总是想用最少的投入取得最大的利润,这就是maximize的意义。由此可知,消费者希望使一定的收入取得最大限度的效益,即用现有收入买到更多更好的商品。而[D]选项恰是此意。[A]和[B]选项未在原文提及。[C]选项反映的是劳资双方的关系,而不是生产者与消费者之间的关系。12.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat__.第二段前两句告诉我们___________。[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[A]生产者可以通过机械化生产满足消费者[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[B]消费者可以通过生产者表达自己的需求[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts[C]生产者决定商品价格[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices[D](商品)供求关系决定(商品)价格[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题。[D]选项就是该段第二句“pricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers”的概括,为正确答案。[A]选项在这两句中并未涉及。注意文中第一句的mechanism意为“机制”,而该选项中的mechanized意为“机械化”,二者含义不同。误选[B]选项的考生是对该段首句的语法成分分析错误。它是一个省略句,补全后应该是“Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedand(bywhichconsumerdemandscanbe)respondedtobyproducers”。由此可知,消费者通过这一机制表达他们的需求,而生产者则通过这一机制对他们的需求作出反应。[B]选项理解成consumerdemandscanbeexpressed…byproducers。[C]选项与第二句“供求关系决定价格”不符,也应该排除。此题亦可通过经济常识解答。注意:干扰选项经常使用原文中出现的词语或类似的结构伪造,所以对那些出现了原词的选项一定要仔细辨认真伪。13.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby__.根据文章,私营企业经济的特点是____________。[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned私人财产及相关权利[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol劳动力及其自然资源的控制[C]ownershipofproductiveresources生产资料的所有权[D]freecontractsandprices自由合同和价格[答案]A[解析]本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题。题干要求考生回答私营企业经济的特点,即第三段的主题。该段只有两句。第一句强调的是私营企业最重要的因素是个人拥有生产资料(私人财产)、允许个人雇用
本文标题:考研英语真题及精析
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