英语四级15-17年阅读真题及答案

2015.6(一)PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifyouthinkahigh-factorsunscreen(防晒霜)keepsyousafefromharmfulrays,youmaybewrong.Researchinthisweek'sNatureshowsthatwhilefactor50reducesthenumberofmelanomas(黑瘤)anddelaystheiroccurrence,itcan'tpreventthem.Melanomasarethemostaggressiveskincancers.Youhaveahigherriskifyouhaveredorblondhair,fairskin,blueorgreeneyes,orsunburneasily,orifacloserelativehashadone.Melanomasaremorecommonifyouhaveperiodicintenseexposuretothesun.Otherskincancersareincreasinglylikelywithlong-termexposure.Thereiscontinuingdebateastohoweffectivesunscreenisinreducingmelanomastheevidenceisweakerthanitisforpreventingothertypesofskincancer.A2011Australianstudyof1,621peoplefoundthatpeoplerandomlyselectedtoapplysunscreendailyhadhalftherateofmelanomasofpeoplewhousedcreamasneeded.Asecondstudy,comparing1,167peoplewithmelanomasto1,101whodidn'thavethecancer,foundthatusingsunscreenroutinely,alongsideotherprotectionsuchashats,longsleevesorstayingintheshade,didgivesomeprotection.Thisstudysaidotherformsofsunprotectionnotsunscreenseemedmostbeneficial.Thestudyreliedonpeoplerememberingwhattheyhaddoneovereachdecadeoftheirlives,soit'snotentirelyreliable.Butitseemsreasonabletothinksunscreengivespeopleafalsesenseofsecurityinthesun.Manypeoplealsodon'tusesunscreenproperlyapplyinginsufficientamounts,failingtoreapplyafteracoupleofhoursandstayinginthesuntoolong.Itissunburnthatismostworryingrecentresearchshowsfiveepisodesofsunburnintheteenageyearsincreasestheriskofallskincancers.Thegoodnewsisthatacombinationofsunscreenandcoveringupcanreducemelanomarates,asshownbyAustralianfiguresfromtheirslip-slop-slapcampaign.Soifthereisaheatwavethissummer,itwouldbebestforus,too,tosliponashirt,slopon(抹上)sunscreenandslaponahat.56.Whatispeople'scommonexpectationofahigh-factorsunscreen?(B)A.Itwilldelaytheoccurrenceofskincancer.B.Itwillprotectthemfromsunburn.C.Itwillkeeptheirskinsmoothandfair.D.Itwillworkforpeopleofanyskincolor.57.WhatdoestheresearchinNaturesayaboutahigh-factorsunscreen?(A)A.Itisineffectiveinpreventingmelanomas.B.Itisineffectiveincaseofintensesunlight.C.Itisineffectivewithlong-termexposure.D.Itisineffectiveforpeoplewithfairskin.58.Whatdowelearnfromthe2011Australianstudyof1,621people?(D)A.Sunscreenshouldbeappliedalongsideotherprotectionmeasures.B.High-riskpeoplebenefitthemostfromtheapplicationofsunscreen.C.Irregularapplicationofsunscreendoeswomenmoreharmthangood.D.Dailyapplicationofsunscreenhelpsreducetheincidenceofmelanomas.59.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesecondAustralianstudy?(C)A.Itmisleadspeopletorelyonsunscreenforprotection.B.Ithelpspeopletoselectthemosteffectivesunscreen.C.Itisnotbasedondirectobservationofthesubjects.D.ItconfirmstheresultsofthefirstAustralianstudy.60.Whatdoestheauthorsuggesttoreducemelanomarates?(A)A.Usingbothcoveringupandsunscreen.B.Stayingintheshadewheneverpossible.C.Usingcoveringupinsteadofsunscreen.D.Applyingtherightamountofsunscreen.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Acrosstherichworld,well-educatedpeopleincreasinglyworklongerthantheless-skilled.Some65%ofAmericanmenaged62-74withaprofessionaldegreeareintheworkforce,comparedwith32%ofmenwithonlyahigh-schoolcertificate.Thisgapispartofadeepeningdividebetweenthewell-educatedwell-offandtheunskilledpoor.Rapidtechnologicaladvancehasraisedtheincomesofthehighlyskilledwhilesqueezingthoseoftheunskilled.Theconsequences,forindividualsandsociety,areprofound.Theworldisfacinganastonishingriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelongerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulationofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600millionto1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreaterlongevity(长寿)translatedintomoreyearsinretirementratherthanmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshiftwillleadtoslowereconomicgrowth,whiletheswellingranksofpensionerswillcreategovernmentbudgetproblems.Butthenotionofasharpdivisionbetweentheworkingyoungandtheidleoldmissesanewtrend,thegrowinggapbetweentheskilledandtheunskilled.Employmentratesarefallingamongyoungerunskilledpeople,whereasolderskilledfolkareworkinglonger.ThedivideismostextremeinAmerica,wherewell-educatedbaby-boomers(二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)areputtingoffretirementwhilemanyless-skilledyoungerpeoplehavedroppedoutoftheworkforce.Policyispartlyresponsible.ManyEuropeangovernmentshaveabandonedpoliciesthatusedtoencouragepeopletoretireearly.Risinglifeexpectancy(预期寿命),combinedwiththereplacementofgenerousdefmed-benefitpensionplanswithlessgenerousdefined-contributionones,meansthateventhebetter-offmustworklongertohaveacomfortableretirement.Butthechangingnatureofworkalsoplaysabigrole.Payhasrisensharplyforthehighlyeducated,andthosepeoplecontinuetoreaprichrewardsintooldagebecausethesedaystheeducatedelderlyaremoreproductivethantheprecedinggeneration.Technologicalchangemaywellreinforcethatshift:theskillsthatcomplementcomputers,frommanagementknowhowtocreativity,donotnecessarilydeclinewithage.61.Whatishappeningintheworkforceinrichcountries?(B)A.Youngerpeoplearereplacingtheelderly.B.Well-educatedpeopletendtowo