共产党宣言英文版

1ManifestooftheCommunistPartyIntroduction[FromtheEnglisheditionof1888,editedbyFriedrichEngels]AspectreishauntingEurope--thespectreofCommunism.AllthePowersofoldEuropehaveenteredintoaholyalliancetoexorcisethisspectre:PopeandCzar,MetternichandGuizot,FrenchRadicalsandGermanpolice-spies.WhereisthepartyinoppositionthathasnotbeendecriedasCommunisticbyitsopponentsinpower?WheretheOppositionthathasnothurledbackthebrandingreproachofCommunism,againstthemoreadvancedoppositionparties,aswellasagainstitsreactionaryadversaries?Twothingsresultfromthisfact.I.CommunismisalreadyacknowledgedbyallEuropeanPowerstobeitselfaPower.II.ItishightimethatCommunistsshouldopenly,inthefaceofthewholeworld,publishtheirviews,theiraims,theirtendencies,andmeetthisnurserytaleoftheSpectreofCommunismwithaManifestoofthepartyitself.Tothisend,CommunistsofvariousnationalitieshaveassembledinLondon,andsketchedthefollowingManifesto,tobepublishedintheEnglish,French,German,Italian,FlemishandDanishlanguages.I.BourgeoisandProletariansThehistoryofallhithertoexistingsocietiesisthehistoryofclassstruggles.Freemanandslave,patricianandplebeian,lordandserf,guild-masterandjourneyman,inaword,oppressorandoppressed,stoodinconstantoppositiontooneanother,carriedonanuninterrupted,nowhidden,nowopenfight,afightthateachtimeended,eitherinarevolutionaryre-constitutionofsocietyatlarge,orinthecommonruinofthecontendingclasses.Intheearlierepochsofhistory,wefindalmosteverywhereacomplicatedarrangementofsocietyintovariousorders,amanifoldgradationofsocialrank.InancientRomewehavepatricians,knights,plebeians,slaves;intheMiddleAges,feudallords,vassals,guild-masters,journeymen,apprentices,serfs;inalmostallof2theseclasses,again,subordinategradations.Themodernbourgeoissocietythathassproutedfromtheruinsoffeudalsocietyhasnotdoneawaywithclashantagonisms.Ithasbutestablishednewclasses,newconditionsofoppression,newformsofstruggleinplaceoftheoldones.Ourepoch,theepochofthebourgeoisie,possesses,however,thisdistinctivefeature:ithassimplifiedtheclassantagonisms:Societyasawholeismoreandmoresplittingupintotwogreathostilecamps,intotwogreatclasses,directlyfacingeachother:BourgeoisieandProletariat.FromtheserfsoftheMiddleAgessprangthecharteredburghersoftheearliesttowns.Fromtheseburgessesthefirstelementsofthebourgeoisieweredeveloped.ThediscoveryofAmerica,theroundingoftheCape,openedupfreshgroundfortherisingbourgeoisie.TheEast-IndianandChinesemarkets,thecolonisationofAmerica,tradewiththecolonies,theincreaseinthemeansofexchangeandincommoditiesgenerally,gavetocommerce,tonavigation,toindustry,animpulseneverbeforeknown,andthereby,totherevolutionaryelementinthetotteringfeudalsociety,arapiddevelopment.Thefeudalsystemofindustry,underwhichindustrialproductionwasmonopolisedbyclosedguilds,nownolongersufficedforthegrowingwantsofthenewmarkets.Themanufacturingsystemtookitsplace.Theguild-masterswerepushedononesidebythemanufacturingmiddleclass;divisionoflabourbetweenthedifferentcorporateguildsvanishedinthefaceofdivisionoflabourineachsingleworkshop.Meantimethemarketskeptevergrowing,thedemandeverrising.Evenmanufacturenolongersufficed.Thereupon,steamandmachineryrevolutionisedindustrialproduction.Theplaceofmanufacturewastakenbythegiant,ModernIndustry,theplaceoftheindustrialmiddleclass,byindustrialmillionaires,theleadersofwholeindustrialarmies,themodernbourgeois.Modernindustryhasestablishedtheworld-market,forwhichthediscoveryofAmericapavedtheway.Thismarkethasgivenanimmensedevelopmenttocommerce,tonavigation,tocommunicationbyland.Thisdevelopmenthas,initstime,reactedontheextensionofindustry;andinproportionasindustry,commerce,navigation,railwaysextended,inthesameproportionthebourgeoisiedeveloped,increaseditscapital,andpushedintothebackgroundeveryclasshandeddownfromtheMiddleAges.Wesee,therefore,howthemodernbourgeoisieisitselftheproductofalongcourseofdevelopment,ofaseriesofrevolutionsinthemodesofproductionandofexchange.3Eachstepinthedevelopmentofthebourgeoisiewasaccompaniedbyacorrespondingpoliticaladvanceofthatclass.Anoppressedclassundertheswayofthefeudalnobility,anarmedandself-governingassociationinthemediaevalcommune;hereindependenturbanrepublic(asinItalyandGermany),theretaxablethirdestateofthemonarchy(asinFrance),afterwards,intheperiodofmanufactureproper,servingeitherthesemi-feudalortheabsolutemonarchyasacounterpoiseagainstthenobility,and,infact,corner-stoneofthegreatmonarchiesingeneral,thebourgeoisiehasatlast,sincetheestablishmentofModernIndustryandoftheworld-market,conqueredforitself,inthemodernrepresentativeState,exclusivepoliticalsway.TheexecutiveofthemodernStateisbutacommitteeformanagingthecommonaffairsofthewholebourgeoisie.Thebourgeoisie,historically,hasplayedamostrevolutionarypart.Thebourgeoisie,whereverithasgottheupperhand,hasputanendtoallfeudal,patriarchal,idyllicrelations.Ithaspitilesslytornasunderthemotleyfeudaltiesthatboundmantohisnaturalsuperiors,andhasleftremainingnoothernexusbetweenmanandmanthannakedself-interest,thancallouscashpayment.Ithasdrownedthemostheavenlyecstasiesofreligiousfervour,ofchivalrousenthusiasm,ofphili