英国的政治制度

BritishPoliticalSystem1.Monarchy2.Parliament3.Government4.Cabinet5.PoliticalParties6.GeneralElectionConstitutionalMonarchyTheKingorQueenisthepersonificationoftheState.Anold-fashionedgovernmentOnthebasisofconstitutionalmonarchyHeadofstate:thekingorqueenInpractice:theSovereignreigns,butdoesnotrule.I.ABriefIntroductionThepresentSovereign:QueenElizabethIIsince19523.PrinceCharlesistheheirtothethrone.PrinceWilliamArthurPhilipLouisWindsorandPrinceWilliamTheRoyalFamily1.Giveseffectstoalllawsastheheadoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernment2.Maypardoncriminaloffencesandcancelpunishments3.Thecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesandthetemporalheadoftheChurchofEnglandThePoweroftheQueen4.Confersalltitlesofrank,andappointsjudges,armyofficers,governors,bishopsanddiplomats5.Concludestreaties,declareswar,andmakespeacewithothernationsTheImportanceofMonarchy1.Effectsonpublicattitude3.Asymbolofnationalunity4.Preservesthehumanrightsandproperty2.RepresentsthepoliticalcontinuityandadaptabilityTheRoyalDutiesVisitsmanypartsofBritainPaysstatevisitstoforeigncountriesToursotherCommon-wealthcountriesTheConstitutionBritaindoesn’thaveaconstitutionwrittendowninasingledocument.Theconstitutionflowsfrom(出自，来自)6sources:1)TheRoyalPrerogatives皇家特权2)*StatuteLaws成文法3)*CommonLaws普通法,判例法4)*Conventions习惯法5)AuthoritativeOpinions权威意见6)EuropeanUnionLaws欧盟法IsraelandBritainaretheonlytwocountrieswithoutwrittenconstitutions.英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大部分内容还是以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院的判例和国际公约等等。除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还包括英国议会惯例和国王特权。Parliamentconsistsof3constituentparts:theymustallagreetopassanygivenlegislationCrown(OfficialHead)HouseofLords(theUpperHouse)HouseofCommons(theLowerHouse)ParliamentUK:aunitarystateTheParliamentatWestminster(London)•In1999,ScotlandandWaleshadtheirownparliaments•In2007,NorthernIrelandsetupitsparliamentUKseemstobemovingtowardfederalism.Legislature(立法机关)=ParliamentParliamentisthehighestlegislativeauthorityintheUK–theinstitutionresponsibleformakingandrepealing(废止)alltheUKlaws.It’salsoknownastheLegislature.Function:MakealltheUKlaws;Scrutinize(审查)governmentpolicy,administration&expenditure;Hearappeals(上诉)inthehighestCourtofAppeal(最高上诉法院)inBritain;Debatethemajorissuesoftheday.What’sthemeaningof“parliament”?(Aplaceforargumentanddebate)Thewordparliamentcomesfromtheverb“toparley”,thatis,todiscussortalk.Thebirthofthisterm:thekingoccasionallysummonedbaronsandrepresentativesfromcountiesandtownsifhewantedtoraisemoney.ThebirthofParliamentTheHouseofLordsThosewhoweresummoned“byname”.Atfirstit’sonlyagatheringofbaronsandbythe13thcentury,kingsfoundtheycouldn’tmakeendsmeetbyaskingmoneyfromthisquitesmallgroup.Andlatertheywidenedittoincluderepresentativesofcounties,citiesandtowns.TheHouseofCommonsRepresentativesofcommunitiesTheCommonsquicklygainedinpoliticalstrengthandinreturntheywantedanincreasingsay(发言权)inwhatthekingwasdoing.PalaceofWestminster(HousesofParliament)HouseofLordsHouseofCommonsRedChamber红厅GreenChamber绿厅TheHouseofLords•Structure:About1,100hereditaryandlifepeersorpeeresses•Power:1.Reviewlegislation2.Proposeamendments3.VetobillsaccordingtoconventionsandoperationsoftheParliamentActs.TheHouseofCommons•AlsocalledtheLowerHouse•651MPsTheSovereignpowerSummonstheHouseofLordsDissolvesParliamentOpenseachnewannualsessionTheMonarch--OfficialHeadofParliamentThelifeofparliamentisdividedintoperiodscalled“sessions”(会期)(Asessionlastsfor1year).Thebeginningofanewsession,calledthe“StateOpeningofParliament”(议会开幕典礼),takesplaceintheHouseofLords.It’satraditionforthemonarchtoopenParliamentinperson.Ontheday,theQueentravelsfromBuckinghamPalacetoParliamentintheStateCoach(典礼马车,agoldencarriage).OncetheQueenarrivesatParliament,theUnionFlagisloweredandreplacedbytheRoyalStandard.GoldenStateCoachTheUnionFlaga.k.a.（亦称）TheUnionJackTheRoyalStandardFromBuckinghamtoWestminsterThequeenthentakesherplaceonthethroneintheHouseofLords,fromwhereshesendshermessengerBlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)tosummontheMPs.WhentheBlackRodarrivesattheLowerHouse,thedoorisslammedinhisface,symbolizingtheindependenceanddominanceoftheHouseofCommons.Hemustthenknock3timestogainentryanddeliverhissummons.ThentheleadingMPsfollowtheBlackRodtotheUpperHouse,standingcrowdedattheendofthechamberoppositetothethrone.TheThroneintheUpperHouseBlackRod(黑杖礼仪官)Knock3timesCometotheUpperHouse(Throne)TheQueenwillthenreadouttheQueen’sSpeech,adocumentabout1,000wordsinlengthpreparedbythegovernment.Whatisthespeechabout?Inthedocumentthegovernmentoutlinesitsplannedprogrammesandthepoliciesitintendstofollow.Whentheone-weekdebatesontheQueen’sspeecharefinished,Parliamentisreadytobegintheactualworkofthenewsession.TheQueen’sSpeechMainfunctionsofParliamentMainFunctionsDebatingMakinglawsSupervising1.Introduceabill2.PassthroughthenecessarystagesintwohousesParliamentaryLegislationProcess•Firstreading•Secondreading•Committee&reportstages•Thirdreading3.Royalassent从1714年以后，国王从来没有否决过议会的议案。TheHouseofLordsItexercisesthesupremejudicialpower.(最高司法机关)Ithasover1000non-electedmembers:1.LordsSpiritual(神职议员):2archbishops(大主教)and24diocesanbishops(辖区主教).Theireligibil