何凯文长难句突破讲义完整版(含授课内容)解读

2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文12013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义第一部分方法论讲解英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？英文mind中文英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍语义（词汇）语序句子可以是这样的：Thereissomethingbyreasonofwhichmanisman.①Thereissomething.②Manismanbyreasonof(因为)whichthisthing.世间存在一种东西，人之所以是人，就是这种东西。英语句子的分类：简单句和非简单句简单句的定义：只含有一套主谓结构的句子简单句的障碍来源简单句没有障碍的情况:1.主语+谓语2.主语+谓语+宾语3.主语+谓语+双宾语4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补5.主语+系+表语（表语为形容词时候，表语又可以称作主语补足语）William，doyoutakeJerryforyourlawfulwife,tohaveandtohold,fromthisdayforward,forbetter,forworse,forricher,forpoorer,insicknessandinhealth,untildeathdopartyou?简单句的障碍来源：（问题在于识别和处理）1.定语2.同位语3.插入语4.状语简单句的障碍识别及处理方法定语:修饰和限定名词的成分；根据位置分为：前置定语；后置定语。（名字n.前后之分）作用和识别：前置定语（可以有多个定语）+nAdj.物主代词；ving(单);；ved（单）；n后置定语：形容词短语astudentunawareofmypresence形容词+介词+名词现在分词短语Otomanfightingwithxiaoguaisou现在分词ving+介+名；ving+名；ving+连词+句子过去分词短语apicturepaintedbyPicassoved+介+名n.+动词不定式短语awaytosolvethisproblemto+v（原形）介词短语anappleonthetable介+名词/（介+代代词就是代替名词的词语）表语形容词作定语后置acatalive表语形容词充当定语后置不定代词定语后置somethingimportant不定代词充当定语后置处理：前置（翻译成中文的时候），也可以拆分，特别是后置定语较长的时候。定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）定语从句的作用：1，修饰和限定名词▲2，连接两个具有共同名词的句子3，表示因果关系今生：.Ihavethreebooksofwhichtheredismyfavorite.（ofwhich叫做关系代词）前世：①Ihavethreebooks.②Theredofthosethreebooksismyfavorite.2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文2定语从句的识别：（基本结构）人称代词who,whom,which.that,as名词+连接词+句子关系代词：物主代词whose后加非完整句定语从句的连接词：关系连词：when,where,why,how后加完整句介词+关系代词（就是介词短语）：as,that和who后加完整句/非完整句定语从句的处理方法：1拆分；2，找指代；3，还原Eg1.ApoemlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridge/offwhichtheybothfallintotheriver.Eg2.Manisbornasablanksheetofpaper/onwhicheachculturewritesitstext.Eg3.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.（whose引导的定语从句后面表示因果关系）Eg4.Thesunrisesthatlooksbeautiful.练习：请将下面的两个句子用定语从句写成一个句子：Theambitionmustbehighlyregarded(认同)bypeople/whoarethemselvesadmired.Theeducatedisnotleastamongthem.Theambitionmustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,(Theambitionmustbehighlyregardedbypeople；Peopleareadmiredbypeople.)Amongwhomeducatedisnotleast.Theambitionmustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,(With)Theeducatednot(being)leastamongthem.独立主格结构同位语：对一个名词或句子进行解释说明的另一个名字。作用：为了增加句子的多样性和正式性。识别：处理：跳读1A，B，kevin,headofintelligenceservice(情报机关),isquiteNIU.前三种都是对名词进行说明2A—B—A,B都是名字3AorB4句子—A这个名字A可以修饰前面句子中的一个名词，这个名字A也可以修饰前面的句子。句子，A5AofBEg1.TheCourtsupportedthemedicalprincipleofdoubleeffect,acenturies-oldmoralprinciple（名词的修饰）Eg2.Robotswillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionand（并列动词做谓语willhaveto）beabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goals/that(指代goals,修饰整个句子)posearealchallenge.(句子的修饰)AofB为同位语的条件：A为上义词，B为下义词上下义词又称为种属词，如fruit-apple;city-beijing上下义词的作用：增加语言表达的多样性，增加语言表达的正式性如，thecomputer上义词theinvention;thetechnology下义词thePC除了定语从句中，其余句子中that充当的是关系连词，表示只表连接，后面连接的都是完整句。同位语从句：(不属于简单句的范畴)2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文3作用：解释和说明前面一个名词结构识别：名词+连接词（只能用关系连词来充当，不能用关系代词充当，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）；名词+that+句子（完整句）处理：从连接词处切分（连接词后）例子：背。同位语从句Ihaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed-weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia,sonsofformerslavesandsonsofformerslave-ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.Ihaveadreamthatoneday,eventhestateofMississippi（同位语）,astateswelteringwiththeheatofinjustice（后置定语）,swelteringwiththeheatofoppression（后置定语）,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.Ihaveadream（省略了一个that）myfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanation/(定语从句)wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday!FromIHaveaDream~MartinLutherKing插入语：作用：增加语言的表达多样性识别：被两个逗号或者破折号隔开的成分。（任何成分都可充当插入语）处理：跳读P8万能插入语：▲Ratherthan:而不是（肯前否后）I,ratherthananyoneelse,amratherthanwas,thebest,ratherthangood,teacher,ratherthanpolice.=iamthebestteacher.状语：状语在句子中的位置不固定。作用：修饰和限定动词或形容词，有时也修饰整个句子（某些副词来充当的。）例句：Sheisadmittedlyreliable.她是可靠的，这是被承认的。Itispainfullyapparentthatsheisaliar.很明显她是一个骗子，这点令人痛心Heisobviouslyintelligent.她非常聪明，这点很明显。Thetomatoistechnically（从严格的意义上来说）afruit.从严格的意义上来说，西红柿是一个水果。China'slong-termmodernizationprogramunderstandablyandnecessarilyemphasizeseconomicgrowth.中国长期现代化的羡慕强调经济的增长，这点是可被理解和必须的。识别：尽量不把状语放在名词后副词adv.ly结尾的，现在分词短语过去分词短语过去不定式短语处理：剥离（从句子中提出来，用“这”开头）介词短语独立主格结构（欠）2013考研英语长难句精讲班讲义-何凯文4例1：（现在分词短语，充当状语，跳读）Usingtechniques（方法）developedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry（过去分词短语作定语修饰现在分词短语的名字做定语）,theDSDP’sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger（同位语。跳读）,wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean’ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwaters（水域）（状语，跳读）,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrocksfromtheoceanfloor（状语，跳读）.(FromTOEFLauthentictest)例2：Afewartcollectors---JamesBowdenⅢofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensAndHamiltonofPhiladelphia---introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists/privileged（过去分词，有个特权）tovisittheirgalleries（翻译前置）,especiallyaspiringartists,andestablished(这里是和introduced并列的)intheirrespectivecommunitiestheidea[“动词+（介词+名1做状语）+名2”]ofthevalueartandtheneedforinstitutions制度/(省略了whichare)devotedtoitsencouragement.（名词翻译成动词）（致力于鼓励价值艺术的制度）(FromTOEFLauthentictest)▲对一种隔离结构的强调1.Theymaintain【withacertainfidelity（忠诚）剥离】theprincipleofthisschool学派.