《土木工程专业英语》陈瑛_邵永波主编_全文经典翻译

Chapter1.StructuralMechanics结构力学1.1ClassificationandBehaviorofStructuralSystemsandElements系统结构和元素的分类和作用1.2DeterminateandIndeterminateStructures静定和超静定结构1.3StructuralDynamics结构动力学Chapter2.StructuralMaterial土木工程材料2.1MaterialsforConcreteandMixProportion砼材料及配比2.2PropertiesofConcrete砼的性能2.3SteelMaterials钢材料2.4StructuralSteelShapes型钢Chapter3.StructuralDesignconcepts结构设计3.1LoadconditionsandLoadPaths负载条件和加载路径3.2LimitStateDesign极限状态设计Chapter4.ConcreteStructure钢筋混凝土结构4.1FlexuralBehaviorofReinforcedConcreteBeam钢筋混凝土梁的弯曲性能4.2ShearandDiagonalTensioninReinforcedConcreteBeam钢筋混凝土梁的剪切和斜拉4.3Bond,Anchorage,andDevelopmentLength连接，锚固，基本锚固长度Chapter1.StructuralMechanics结构力学1.1.ClassificationandBehaviorofStructuralSystemsandElements系统结构和元素的分类和作用Commonrigidelementsincludebeams,columnsorstruts,arches,flatplates,singlycurvedplates,andshellshavingavarietyofdifferentcurvatures.Flexibleelementsincludecables(straightanddraped)andmembranes(planar,singlycurved,anddoublycurved).Inaddition,thereareanumberofothertypesofstructuresthatarederivedfromtheseelements(e.g,frames,trsses,geodesicdomes,nets,etc.)(figure1.1)常见的刚性元件包括梁，柱，支撑，圆拱，平板，单向板弯曲面，具有不同的曲率的翘体。柔性元素包括电缆（直披）和膜结构（平面，单向板弯曲面，双曲面）。此外也有一些来自这些元素（如框架，桁架，测量短程线，网格等）Frames框架Theframehasrigidjointsthataremadebetweenverticalandhorizontalmembers.Thisjointrigidityimparts(给予)ameasureofstabilityagainstlateralforces.Inaframedsystembothbeamsandcolumnsarebentorbowed（弯如弓的）asaconsequenceoftheactionoftheloadonthestructure.框架的垂直和水平直接有刚性连接，这样的节点给予了一定程度上的稳定性抵抗侧向作用力。在一个框架的系统张，梁和柱的弯曲或弓形弯如弓的形状都是结构上负载的作用效果。Trusses桁架Trussesarestructuralmembersmadebyassemblingshort,straightmembersintotriangulatedpatterns.Theresultant（组合的,合成的）structureisrigidasaresultoftheexact（精确的)waytheindividuallineelementsarepositionedrelativetooneanother.Somepatterns(e.g.apatternofsquaresratherthantriangles)donotnecessarilyyieldastructurethatisrigid(unlessjointsaretreatedinthesamewayasinframedstructures).Atrusscomposedofdiscreteelementsisbentinanoverallwayundertheactionofanappliedtransverseloadinginmuchthesamewaythatabeamisbent.Individualtrussmembers,however,arenotsubjecttobendingbutareonlyeithercompressedorpulledupon.桁架结构构件是通过短直杆组装成三角形的图案。组合的结果的精确方式相对于彼此的位置的各行元素的结构是刚性的。不一定会产生某些刚性的模型（例如，一个模型的平方不一定是三角形图案）（除非在框架结构中相同的处理）。由分立元件组成的桁架在大致相同的方式，弯曲梁所施加的横向载荷的作用下，在一个整体方式的弯曲。个人桁架构件，不能弯曲只能压缩或拉后。Arches拱门Anarchisacurved,line-formingstructuralmemberthatspansbetweentwopoints.Theexactshapeofthecurveandthenatureoftheloadingarecriticaldeterminantsastowhethertheresultantassemblyisstable.Whenshapesareformedbysimplystackingrigidblockelements,theresultantstructureisfunctionalandstableonlywhentheactionoftheloadistoinducein-planeforcesthatcausethestructuretocompressuniformly.Structuresofthistypecannotcarryloadsthatinduceelongationsoranypronouncedtypeofbowinginthemember(theblockssimplypullapartandfailureoccurs).Thestrengthofablockstructureisdueexclusivelytothepositioningofindividualelements,sinceblocksaretypicallyeithersimplyrestedoneonanotherormortaredtogether.Thepositioningis,inturn,dependentontheexacttypeofloadinginvolved.Theresultantstructureisthusrigidonlyunderveryparticularcircumstances.圆拱一个拱形的弯曲线形成的结构部件，两点之间的跨越。曲线的精确性质和性质是所得到的组件是否是稳定的关键决定因素。当通过简单地堆叠刚性块体元件的形状形成的结构是功能性的和稳定的，又有当负载的作用是诱导面内的力量时才导致结构的均匀压缩。这种类型的结构不能进行负载诱导伸长或任何明显的拉伸（只需拉开块发生故障）。嵌段结构的强度是由于单个元素导致的，由于块通常是在躺在另一个上或砂浆砌在一起。只有在非常特殊的情况下，所得到的的结构才是刚性的。Therigidarchisfrequentlyusedinmodernbuilding.Itiscurvedsimilarlytoblockarchesbutismadeofonecontinuouspieceofdeformedrigidmaterial.Ifrigidarchesareproperlyshaped,theycancarryaloadtosupportswhilebeingsubjectonlytoaxialcompression,andnobendingoccurs.Therigidarchisbetterabletocarryvariationsinthedesignloadingthanisitsblockcounterpartmadeofindividualpieces.Manytypesofrigidarchesexistandareoftencharacterizedbytheirsupportconditions(fixed,two-hinged,three-hinged).现代建筑中常用的刚性拱，同样是弯曲的阻止拱，但它是由一块连续变形的刚性材料制成的。如果制成刚性拱的形状，它们可以承受的负载支座仅受轴向压缩的同时并没有发生弯曲。刚性拱是能够更好地进行变化的块对应的单件制成的。存在许多类型的刚性拱的特点常常是它们的支持条件（固定，双绞链、三铰链）WallsandPlates墙板Wallsandflatplatesarerigidsurface-formingstructures.Aload-bearingwallcantypicallycarrybothverticalloadsandlateralloads(wind,earthquake)alongitslength.Resistancetoout-of-planeforcesinblockwallsismarginal.Aflatplateistypicallyusedhorizontallyandcarriesloadsbybendingtoitssupports.Platestructuresarenormallymadeofreinforcedconcreteorsteel.墙板墙壁和平板表面形成的结构是刚性的。承重墙通常可以进行沿其长度的垂直荷载和侧向荷载（风。地震）。砌块墙的平面的抵抗力是微不足道的。通常用于平板进行水平和通过弯曲其支持负载。板结构通常是由钢筋混凝土或刚组成的。Horizontalplatescanalsobemadebyassemblingpatternsofshort,rigidlineelements.Three-dimensionaltriangulationschemesareusedtoimpartstiffnesstotheresultantassembly.水平板也可以通过组装短，刚性线的模式。三维三角形测量设计是用来赋予所得到的组件的刚度的。Long,narrowrigidplatescanalsobejoinedalongtheirlongedgesandusedtospanhorizontallyinbeam-likefashion.Thesestructures,calledfoldedplates,havethepotentialforspanningfairlylargedistances.长，狭窄的刚性板也可以加入和使用到时尚的水平跨越梁中。这些结构，被称为折叠的板，有可能跨越相当大的距离。CylindricalShellsandVaults柱形壳和拱顶Cylindricalbarrelshellsandvaultsareexamplesofsinglycurved-platestructure.Abarrelshellspanslongitudinallysuchthatthecurveisperpendiculartothedirectionofthespan.Whenfairlylong