语言学第四单元课后答案 syntax 树状图 the s rule

syntax1.Indicatethecategoryofeachwordinthefollowingsentences.a)Theoldladysuddenlyleft.DetANQualVb)Thecarstoppedattheendoftheroad.DetNVPDetNPDetNc)Thesnowmighthaveblockedtheroad.DetNAuxAuxVDetNd)Heneverappearsquitemature.NQualVDegA2.Thefollowingphrasesincludeahead,acomplement,andaspecifier.Drawtheappropriatetreestructureforeach.a)fullofpeopleAPAPNfullofpeopleb)astoryaboutasentimentalgirlNPNPPPDetNPNPDetANastoryaboutasentimentalgirlc)oftenreaddetectivestoriesVPQualVNPANoftenreaddetectivestoriesd)theargumentagainsttheproposalsNPNPPPDetNPNPDetNtheargumentagainsttheproposals2e)movetowardsthewindowVPVPPPDetNmovetowardsthewindow3.Drawphrasestructuretreesforeachofthefollowingsentences.a)Thejetlanded.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNPstVThejetlandedb)Marybecameveryill.InflP(=S)NPInflVPNPstVAPDegAMarybecameveryillc)Whatwillyoutalkabout?CPNPCSNInflNPInflVPVPNPVPNWhatwillyouetalkabouted)Theapplemighthittheman.SNPVPDetNAuxVNPDetNTheapplemighthittheman3ORInflP(=S)NPInflVPDetNVNPDetNTheapplemighthitthemane)Heoftenreadsdetectivestories.SNPVPNQualVNPANHeoftenreadsetectivestoriesORInflP(=S)NPInflVPPresNQualVNPANHeoftenreadsetectivestories4.Thefollowingsentencescontainmodifiersofvarioustypes.Foreachsentence,firstidentifythemodifier(s),thendrawthetreestructures.a)Afrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplane.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVNPDetANAfrightenedpassengerlandedthecrippledairplane4b)Ahugemoonhungintheblacksky.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVPPPNPDetANAhugemoonhungintheblackskyc)Anunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeeting.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPstVPPPNPDetNAnunusualeventoccurredbeforethemeetingd)Aquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill.InflP(=S)NPInflVPDetANPPstVPPANPNPDetANAquaintoldhouseappearedonthegrassyhill5.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainconjoinedcategories.Drawatreestructureforeachofthesentences.a)Jimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants.InflP(=S)NPVPNAuxVNPDetANPNCONNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpants5ORInflP(=S)NPVPNInflVNPDetANPNCONNJimhaswashedthedirtyshirtsandpantsb)Helenputonherclothesandwentout.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVAdvVPDetNHelenputonherclothesandwentoutORInflP(=S)NPInflVPNPstVPCONVPVPNPVAdvVPDetNHelenputonherclothesandwentoutc)Maryisfondofliteraturebuttiredofstatistics.SNPVPNVPCONVPVPNPVPNPVAPNVAPNMaryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatistics6ORInflP(=S)NPInflVPNPresVPCONVPVPNPVPNPVAPNVAPNMaryisfondofliteraturebut(is)tiredofstatisticsd)Thedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancamein.SSCONSNPVPNPVPDetNVAdvDetANVAdvThedetectivewentoutandthemysteriousmancameine)Crusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt.SNPVPCPNVCSSCONSNPVPNPVPNAuxVDetNAuxVCrusoeknowsthatspringwillcomeandthesnowwillmelt6.Thefollowingsentencesallcontainembeddedclausesthatfunctionascomplementsofaverb,anadjective,aprepositionoranoun.Drawatreestructureforeachsentence.a)YouknowthatIhatewar.SNPVPCPNVCSNPVPNPNVNYouknowthatIhatewar7ORCPCInflP(=S)NPInflVPCPNPresVCSNPVPNVNPNYouknowthatIhatewarb)HesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasover.SNPVPCPNVCSNPVPCPNVCSNPVPDetNVLAHesaidthatTomaskedwhethertheclasswasoverc)Gerrycan’tbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam.SNPVPNVPNPCPAuxNegVNPCSDetNNPVPNVNPDetANGerrycannotbelievethefactthatAnnaflunkedtheEnglishexam8d)ChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Royce.SNPVPCPNVLACSNPVPDetNVNPNPNDetNChriswashappythathisfatherboughthimaRolls-Roycee)Thechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings.SNPVPCPDetNVPCSVPNPVPNVNPNThechildrenarguedoverwhetherbatshadwings7.Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsarelativeclause.Drawthedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesentences.a)Theessaythathewrotewastoolong.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegPNPInflVPNVNPNTheessayhewrotethatwastoolong9SurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVAPCSDegPNPNPInflVPNNPstVNPNTheessaythathewroteewastoolongb)Thedogthathekeepsbites.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVCInflSPresNPVPNVNPNThedoghekeepsthatbites10SurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVCSNPNPInflVPNNPresVNPNThedogthathekeepsebitesc)Herbertfoundthemansheloved.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPNInflVNPCPDetNCSNPInflVPNPNVNHerbertfoundthemanshelovedwho11SurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPNInflVNPCPDetNSCNPInflVPNPNPNVNNHerbertfoundtheman(whom)sheloveded)Thegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithmajorsinlinguistics.DeepstructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPPPNPCInflSNNPVPPPNQualVPNPVPNThegirlheoftenquarrelswithwhommajorsinlinguistics12SurfaceStructureCPCSNPVPDetNCPVPPPNPCSNNPNPInflVPPPNNQualVPNPVPNThegirlwhomheoftenquarrelswithemajorsinlinguistics8.Thederivationsofthefollowingsentencesinvolvetheinversiontransformation.Givethedeepstructureandthesurfacestructuretreesforeachofthesesentences.a)Wouldyoucometomorrow?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPAdvPNInflVAdvyouwouldcometomorrowSurfacestructureCPCSVPNPAdvPInflNInflVAdvwouldyouecometomorrow13b)Canyoupassmethenewspaper?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPNPNPNInflVNDetNyoucanpassmethenewspaperSurfacestructureCPCSVPInflNPNPNPNInflVNDetNCanyouepassmethenewspaperc)Shouldthestudentsreporttheincident?DeepstructureCPCSVPNPNPDetNInflVDetNthestudentsshouldreporttheincidentSurfacestructureCPCSVPInflNPNPDetNInflVDetNshouldthestudentsereporttheincident14d)Whatdidyoueatforlunch?Deepstructur