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系动词•系动词又称联系动词,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(也称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。•有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:•Hefellillyesterday.(fall是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况•Hefellofftheladder.(fall是实义动词,单独作谓语。)1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:•Heisateacher.(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词•用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:•Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.•Thismatterrestsamystery.3)表像系动词•用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:•Helookstired.•Heseems(tobe)verysad.4)感官系动词•主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:•Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.•Thisflowersmellsverysweet.5)变化系动词•表示主语变成什么样,有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run•Hebecamemadafterthat.•Shegrewrichwithinashorttime.6)终止系动词•表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,trunout,表达证实,变成之意,例如:•Therumorprovedfalse.•Thesearchproveddifficult.搜查证实很难。•Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.(turnout表终止性结果)I、常见系动词错误及其成因:(1)漏掉系动词•Iafraidhewon'tcometomorrow.(2)误用系动词•Hishairchangedgrey.(混淆了change与turn,grow)II.系动词分类:•一、根据系动词后所跟结构,分为两大类:完全系动词(其后只能跟表语的动词,如be)和半系动词(其后既可跟表语作系动词用法,也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用,如look)•Helookedsadatthenews.(“看起来”,系动词用法)•Helooksatacleverboy.(“看着”,实义动词用法)•在英语中,某一动词是多义词,既有实义动词用法,又有系动词用法。常见的有:•listen,look,touch,hear,see,sound,feel,taste,remain,keep,stay,turn,become二、根据系动词的意义,分为四类:A.五大感官系动词B.状态系动词C.动态系动词D.双谓语系动词•A.五大感官系动词,描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来,都是半系动词1.look“看起来像是”,后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。•Thegirlbitherlipsandlookedthoughtful.2.smell“闻起来”,后接adj.,分词。•Theflowerssmellsweet.3.sound“听起来”,后接adj.,分词。•Themusicsoundssweet.4.taste“尝起来”,后接adj.,分词。•Theapplestasteverygood.5.feel①“摸起来,给……感觉”;②“觉得”,后接adj•Thesilkfeelsverysoft.•Youwillfeelbetterafteranight’ssleep.B.状态系动词:1.be,“是”,完全系动词。•Iamastudent.2.seem,“似乎,好像”,完全系动词。•Theyseemquitehappy.3.appear,“显得,看起来好像”,半系动词。•Heappearedtiredandsleepy.•Itappeared(tobe)atruestory.•Nowitappearstomethathemayplayanimportantpartinsettlingtheproblem.(在我看来)4.keep,“保持……的状态”,半系动词,后接adj或介词短语。•You’dbettergotobedandkeepwarm.5.remain,“仍是”,半系动词。•Iremainedsilent.6.stay“保持(某种状态)”,半系动词,后接adj.、过去分词。•Thewindowstayedopenallthenight.7.prove“证明是”,半系动词,后接adj.,n.•Thetreatmentprovedtobesuccessful.C.动态系动词:都属于半系动词,描述状态变化过程。1.get“变成,变得……起来”,后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。•Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.•Thetraindidn’tgetgoingagain.•It’snothingtogetexcitedabout.•Mywatchgetsoutoforder.2.fall“进入(某种状态),成为”,后常接以下形容词:•asleep,silent,ill,sick•Theoldman,unabletoexpresshimself,fellsilent.•Myfatherfellillanddied.3.grow“渐渐变得……起来,长得”•Youwillgrowusedtoit.•It’sgrowingwarm.4.turn“转变成(新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质),变质(色)”。•Mapletreesturnredinautumn.•Itwascloudythismorning,butfortunatelyithasturnedfine.•Hehasturnedwriter.(注意:此时writer之前无冠词a.)•5.go,“变成(某种坏的状态)”•Thetelephonehasgonedead.•Thematerialhasgoneafunnycolour.(奇怪)•go之后常接的adj.还有:bad,blind,wild,wrong,sour,hard,hungry,mad,red,with,anger,white,pale,blue,grey•6.become“变成,成为(好坏均可的情况)”•Hebecameangrywithme.•Itbecamedark.•Theybecamegoodfriends.•Ibecameinterestedindrawing.7.come,“变成为(已知的状态),证实为”,后接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语,表示状态或情况的变化。•Hiswishtobecomeapilothascometrue.•Ifyoulookintothematter,everythingwillcomeclear.•Myshoelaceshavecomeundone.•后面常接的形容词还有:apart,dear(昂贵),natural,open,untied(松开)。8.run,“变成”,后接adj.•Thewellhasrundry.•Thepriceranhigh.9.make,“达到某种状态[后接形容词],如sure,certain,merry,bold,free•Wemustmakecertainoffacts.我们一定要弄清事实。•TheChildrenmakefreewiththeapples.孩子们随便吃苹果。D.双谓语系动词•此类系动词既有系动词的功能,后接表语,又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如:•Therunrosered.太阳升起红艳艳。•Shestoppedandstoodquitestill.•Thebooklayopenonthetable.•Thesnowlaythickontheground.•Hemarriedyoung.•Thewindowblewopen.III.系动词用法应注意的八个问题1.系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论•一般,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。但在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途:(1)表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如:•Heisbeingkind.他装出和蔼可亲的样子(一时而不能持久的性质)(2)表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如:•Ihopeyouarekeepingwell.(语气委婉)•Areyoufeelinganybetter?(语气亲切)•试比较:•Yourhandfeelscold.•你的手摸起来冰凉(无意识的静态性质)•不可以说:•Yourhandisfeelingcold.(×)•Thedoctorisfeelingherpulse.•医生正在给她把脉(有意识的动态动作)•Thesouptastesgood.•这汤的味道不错(静态性质,无进行时)•Thecookistastingthesoup.厨师在尝汤的味道。(动态动作,有进行时)•总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。以smell为例①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与can,could,beableto连用。•Thecamelscansmellthewateramileoff.•骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。②指“嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。•Thegirlissmellingtheflower.③smell指“含有……气味”,“发出……气味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。•Thedinnersmellsgood.2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题•某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get,become,grow,turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是“越来越……”。•Heisgrowingtallerandtaller.•Ourlifeisgettingbetterandbetter.•Thethingsaregettingworse.3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论•某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态•不能说:Theappleistastedgood.(因为taste此时是系动词,“尝起来”之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态)•但可以说:Theappleistastedbyme.•(taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作,有被动语态)•因此要注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题•某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,since+时间点,howlonguntil+时间,by+时间,sofar”直接连用①不能说:Hehasbecomeateacherfor2years.应改为:Hehasbeenateacherfor2years.②不能说:Hehasturnedwritersince3yearsago.应改为:Hehasbeenawritesince3yearsago.或Itistwoyearssinceheturnedwriter.③不能说:Hegotangryuntilhischildcamebackhome.应改为:Hedidn’tgetangryuntilhischildcamebackhome.5.系动词能接几种表语(从句)•系动词除了接adj.\n.\介词短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式:①能接asif/asthough表语从句的系动词有:look,smell,sound,feel;appear(显得),seem(似乎)•Itlooksasifwearegoingt
本文标题:高考英语——系动词
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