主谓一致与时态

主谓一致Subject-predicateagreement1.主谓一致主谓一致的三原则语法一致：大多数谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语的人称。意义一致：当主语强调整体时用单数；当主语强调构成集体的各个成员时用复数。就近一致：往往采用就近原则。单数的几种情况1.不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时用单数形式。2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时用单数形式。3、时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等名词，不论单复数，都用单数形式。4、each,every,one,either,neither,manya,morethanone,notonlyone等作主语或者修饰主语时，一般使用单数形式。5、thenumberof…作主语时，用单数形式。6.aportion/series/species/swarm/kind…+of+n.作主语时，用单数形式。注意：quantities后面的名词无论是可数名词复数，还是不可数名词，都用复数形式。7.由and连接的短语作主语：用and连接两个以上的名词戒代词作主语时，谓语一般用复数。Eg.JackandJill;注意：①连接的名词或代词前后都有every,each,no,manya等修饰。Everyhourandeveryminuteisprecioustome.②连接的名词戒代词表示单一概念——指同一个人或一整体，须用单数形式。Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.其他：friendandfoe;butterandbread,partandparcel(重要的部分),needleandthread;theebbandflow。复数的几种情况1.anumberof…作主语，用复数形式；2.由and,both…and…连接的短语作主语，用复数；3.people,police,clergy（牧师）,cattle,poultry,vermin（害虫，寄生虫）,militia（民兵）等等作主语时，用复数；4.常以复数形式出现的名词作主语时，如：remains,riches,scissors（剪刀）,shears（大剪刀）,clothes,pants,leavings（残余）,annals（年报，编年史）…5.不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，用复数形式。e.g.Fivethousandsquaremetersofhousinghavebeenbuilt.根据语意①抽象、具体均可：audience,class,club,committee,family,firm,government,public,jury,school,staff,team,union,police…。Thetelevisionpublicisincreasingrapidly.电视观众正急速增长。Thepublicaretiredofdemonstrations.公众对示威感到厌烦。Thepoliceareonhistrack.警察在跟踪他。②单复同形Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep,swine,series,species,means等，这些名词要根据起数量概念决定谓语单复数。theminority/majorityof+n.,plenty/part/half/rest/xpercentof+n.作主语时，谓语形式与名词一致。form(s)/kind(s)/type(s)of+n.作主语时，谓语单复数与form(s)等的单复数一致。注意：即使名词是不可数名词，谓语劢词也要用复数形式。e.g.Twokindsofsalthavebeenprovedtobeharmfultohumanbody.④the+adj.作主语时，若指一个人或抽象概念用单数；若指一类人用复数。Thedeadwashismother.死者是他的母亲。ThehomelessinHaitiarereportedtobemorethan50,000.⑤在强调句中，强调主语时，that/who引导的谓语动词形式取决于被强调的主语。e.g.Itwasthedriverwhowastoblamefortheaccident.是司机对应该对这件事事故负责。就近原则①or,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…(but)also等作主语时：e.g.NeitheryounorIamwrong.②aswellas应理解为插入语，不影响谓语形式。accompaniedwith,asmuchas,besides,except,including,inadditionto,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith,alongwith,with,but,like,morethan,nolessthan,exceptfor…③therebe句型中，谓语使用就近原则。Manya+单名＋谓单Oneandahalf+复名＋谓单（复）One+Nandahalf+谓单Morethanone+单名+谓单More+复名thanone+谓复Agreat/goodmany(of)studentshave…2.代词All,someone,none,oneAlmost,most,many,much,moreWhat，whatever，whicheverNothingbut,anythingbut,ofoneself自动的，属于自己的inoneself从本质上说Onecannotmakeasilkpurseoutofasow'sear.巧妇难为无米之炊.单复数的概念each和every都是单数概念，但every只能作形容词，each能作代词和形容词。两者修饰名词时，都表示“每一个”，但each强调个体，every强调整体。all指代两个以上人时用复数；当all指代东西时为单数。none作代词，谓语单复数两可。三者之间的相互关系不用among,而是用between肯定与否定完全肯定：Bothofthetwobooksaregood.Allofthebooksaregood.完全否定：Neitherofthetwobooksis/aregood.Noneofthebooksisgood.部分否定：Bothofthetwobooksarenotgood.NotallofuslikeEnglish.其它要点在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前another3miles;3milesmore。other与some,any,no,every,数词连用时，置于这些词的后面。other与名词连用，置于名词前面，但other不能单独使用。everyotherday/while/week每隔three:one,theother,anothertwo:thebiggeroneisred.反义疑问句祈使句；Let’s…,shallwe?Letus…,willyou?Iwish后的反义疑问句e.g.Iwishtohaveanothertry,mayI?陈述句谓语劢词为wish时，表示征求意见，附加问句用may。否定性的；(un-,dis-,im,in-,ir-除外)当陈述部分是I(We)think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。Ithinkthathehasdonehisbest,hasn’the?Idon’tthinkthatyoucandoit,canyou?Wedon’tbelievethatthenewsistrue,isit?Ibelievehecanfindhernowhere,canhe?非第一人称：按照正常来变化Hedidn’tthinkthatthenewswastrue,didhe?陈述部分主语是everything,nothing,anything或something时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,somebody,someone,nobody,noone,none,neither时，－－they；偶见：Everyonelikesthebook,doesn’the?(don’tthey?)Iamastudent,aren’tI?祈使句时一般用willyou表示请求，用won’tyou表示委婉请求或邀请。如：Dositdown,won’tyou?/willyou?Pleaseopenthewindow,willyou?(won’tyou?)Don’tmakeanynoise,willyou?You’dbettertellhimaboutthematter,hadn’tyou?Therearetwocakesontheplate,aren’tthere?Heusedtoliveinthecountry,didn’the?/usedn’the?陈述部分must(may,might)+have+V-ed表推测时，若有明显的过去时间状语，问句用过去时形式。Hemighthaveforgottenhispenintheclassroomyesterday,didn’the?Youmusthavegotuplatethismorning,didn’tyou?若句中没有明显过去时间状语，用现在完成时形式。如：Everyonemusthaveknownthedeathofthewaitress,haven’tthey？陈述部分主语为动名词或不定式时，问句主语用it代替。Todoonegooddeediseasyforaperson,isn'tit?Skatingisyourfavoritesport,isn'tit?陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如：Whathesaidistrue,isn'tit?(不用didn’the?)Wherewewillbuildthedamhasnotbeendecidedyet,hasit?(不用won’twe?)Nowpractise!1.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildrenastronginfluenceonthecharacterofthechildren.A.haveB.hasC.havingD.tohave2.Howtheadvancedworkermanagedtoraiseproduction_____(be)ofinteresttousall.3.Asarule,whatisoutofsight_____(disturb)men’smindsmoreseriouslythanwhattheysee.4.Iamgoinganyway.Whetherornotshewillgo__(be)uptoher.5.Knowingyou’reblessed______(allow)youtoattainpatience,understandingandjoy.6.Totranslatethisidealintoreality_____(need)hardwork.7._____ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.A.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All8.Herearefiveconditionsthatmustbeworkedintoyourgoals.All___essential.9.Asmilecanhelponerealizethatall____nothopel