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GrammaticalTermsSentencegroup句群LookatJohn.Heisdoingtheworkhisteacherassignedyesterday.Hefeelsalittleannoyedatthehardjob.Buthehastodoit.SentenceJohnisdoingtheworkhisteacherassignedyesterday.ClauseJohnisdoingthework.thathisteacherassignedyesterday.Phrasetheworkhisteacherassignedyesterday.WordJohnisdoingtheworkhisteacherassignedyesterdayMorphemeJohnisdo+ingtheworkhisteach+eras+sign+edyesterday*Segmentation切分法要学会通过二分法分割句子!GrammaticalTermsMorpheme词素FreeMorpheme自由词素可以直接作为单词使用→morphemeword单词素词可以充当Freeroot自由词根+affix→derivative派生词可以和其他freemorpheme结合→compound复合词BoundMorpheme粘附词素Affix词缀,分为两种*InflectionalAffix屈折词缀DerivationalAffix派生词缀,分为前后缀Prefix前缀Suffix后缀*Combiningform组合形式(有时可以充当粘附词根)Root词根*FreeRoot自由词根*BoundRoot粘附词根GrammaticalTerms*SimpleWord简单词*MorphemeWord单词素词CompoundWord复合词Derivative派生词GrammaticalTerms。所以,这些词汇的数量变动和意义变动极小,也就是很封闭。Preposition介词Pre+positionPronoun代词Pro+nounDeterminer限定词determine+(e)r*Conjunction连词con+junct(join)+ionAuxiliary助动词GrammaticalTerms与ClosedClass相对应,有些词类的词数量或者义项不断增加或减少,因此这些词类整体是动态变化的,被称为OpenClass开放词类。属于开放词类的都是ContentWord实义词,因为这些词类是对人、物、行为、性质状态的描写,而这些词有着实际的指向意义。Noun名词MainVerb主动词FiniteVerb限定动词(受主语和时态限制,充当主句谓语)Non-finiteVerb非限定动词(-ed,doing,todo及其各种变形,表示行为状态,可以具有动词性、限定性和名词性。充当独立主格的谓语动词,名词的后置限定,单独使用的表示已经发生、正在发生或者将要发生的行为的名词性结构)Adjective形容词Adverb副词adverbial状语GrammaticalTermsNounPhrase名词词组(以名词为中心词)eg.thetallboysittinginthecornerVerbPhrase动词词组(以主动词为中心词)SimpleVerbPhraseeg.Itgetsdark.ComplexVerbPhrase(有助动词的动词词组)eg.Itisgettingdark.GrammaticalTermsFiniteVerbPhrase限定动词短语(实际是受限定)eg.Theboyissittinginthecorner.Non-finiteVerbPhrase非限定动词短语(实际是不受限定)eg.限定性TheboysittinginthecornerisTom.状语性Theboy,sittinginthecorner,isstaringatthegirl.名词性Theboylikessittinginthecorner.eg.以下的例子均做状语。Wewenttheretoseeafilm.Havingseenthefilm,wehadadiscussion.Paintedbyafamousartist,theportraitisinvaluable.GrammaticalTermsAdjectivePhrase(可以有前后修饰语,有时还会有后置补充成分说明出现该状态的适用范围、原因、结果等)fineprettydifficult(以下的形容词短语均只标注中心词)notcarefulenoughThatworkistoodifficultforthatchild.(斜线部分补充适用范围)Theweatheristoohottobeenjoyable.(斜线部分补充toohot导致的结果)I'llbegladtohelpyourepairthecarifyoushowmewhat'swrong.(后面的成分补充说明glad的原因)GrammaticalTermsAdverbPhrase副词词组PrepositionPhrase介词词组Theboyisinthecorner.作主语补语Isawlotsofcarsoutsidethebuilding.作宾语的补语TheboyinthecornerisTom.作后置限定Heknowseverythingaboutit.作后置限定Theboyisreadinginthecorner.作地点状语In1999,thecity'srevenueexceededtenthousandmilliondollars.作时间状语GrammaticalTermsIndependentClause独立分句eg.Heknowseverythingaboutit.Heknowseverythingaboutit;butIknownothing.Dependent/SubordinateClause从句/从属分句eg.Idon'tthinkheknowseverythingaboutit.MainClause主句Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.整个句子是一个主句。又如:John(语境省略了didit).但是将一个事情或状况变成名词性结构的that后面的成分,whatyousaidwasnottrue.也是完整的主谓结构,也是主句。whatyousaid是名词性从句,that....true也是名词性从句。GrammaticalTermsSimpleClause简单分句(分句里只有一个主谓结构)ComplexClause复杂分句(含有状语从句、主语从句或宾语从句)Itisnottrue.(从句子的层次来说,是一个简单句;从分句的层次来说,是独立的简单分句。)Whatyousaidisnottrue.(从句子的层次来说,因为有名词性从句作主语,所以整个句子是一个复杂句;从分句的层次来说,这是一个独立的复杂分句。)Hesaidthatitwastrue.(从句子的层次来说,因为有名词性从句作宾语,所以整个句子是一个复杂句;下划线部分只有一个主谓结构,而且通过that变为从属的名词性结构,因此是从属简单分句)Hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue.(从句子的层次来说,因为有名词性从句作宾语,所以整个句子是一个复杂句;下划线部分有两个主谓结构,而且通过that变为从属的名词性结构,因此是从属复杂分句)GrammaticalTermsFiniteClause限定分句(受时间和主语的人称、数的限定,作主句,还有体和态的变化)Non-finiteClause非限定分句(不受时和主语的限定,不作主句,但也会有体和态的变化)思考:以下标注的内容分别在句中充当什么成分?Isignedthepapertogetthelicense.(下划线为限定分句)Itisforbiddentosmokeinthisroom.(斜线为非限定分句)Can'tyourecalltellingthatstorylastweek.Theman,wearingsuchdarkglasses,obviouslycouldnotseeclearly.Leavingtheroom,hetrippedoverthemat.Coveredwithconfusion,theyapologizedabjectly(可怜地).Thediscussioncompleted,theChairmanadjournedthemeeting.GrammaticalTerms非限定动词作主句谓语的情况:双重谓语中的第二个谓语。Theboysatunderthetreereadingabook.Theherodiedbeloved,reveredandmournedbypeople.*VerblessClause无动词分句Hungryandexhausted,theclimbersreturned.(主句主语的状态)Confidentofthejusticeoftheircause(事业),theyagreedtoputtheircasebeforethearbitrationpanel.OneofthemostpopulartouristsitesinItaly,Pompeiiwasviewedbynearlytwomillionvisitorseachyear.(主句主语的身份)Christmasthenonlydaysaway,thefamilywaspentupwithexcitement.(快要抑制不住了)(独立主格:从句主语的状态)GrammaticalTerms*FullSentence完全句*MinorSentence不完全句Whendidhearrive?(完全句)Lastnight.(不完全句)Thisisawoodenhouse.(完全句)NoSmoking.(不完全句)SimpleSentence简单句Heputonhiscoat.说明:ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.Iteach虽然是后置限定,但它只是名词词组的一部分,并不在句中直接充当成分,在句中直接充当成分的是名词词组thestudentsIteach,故整个句子仍然是简单句。CompoundSentence并列句(陈述两个行为或状态)Heputonhiscoatandwentout.GrammaticalTermsComplexSentence复杂句主谓宾状补在句子中直接充当成分,谓语不会有从句,另外四种成分如果是由分句充当,那么整个句子是复杂句。关系分句(原来被称为定语从句)不在句子中直接充当成分,而是名词性结构的一部分,层次稍低。Thestudentswouldhavemadebettergradesiftheyhadstudiedhard.Theboycanstayintheroomsolongashekeepsquiet.状语由if等引导一个分句充当,也就是状语从句。Whathesaidisnottrue.主语由名词性分句充当,也就是主语从句。Ididn'tunderstandwhathemeant.宾语从句WhatIwanttoknowishowIcanpasstheexam.前一个是主语从句,后一个是补语从句。GrammaticalTermsCompound-complexSentence并列复杂句一个句子,如果既有并列的分句,又有从属的分句,那么这个句子叫并列复杂句。Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldn'tseetheprogrammebecauseourtelevisionwasbroken.and和but连接的成分是并列的几个分句,斜
本文标题:英语语法术语-附讲解
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