文学Unit-3--William-Shakespeare

Unit3:WilliamShakespeare(1564--1616)•Alltheworld’sastage,•全世界是个舞台•Andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers;•男男女女只是演员而已；Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances,•他们都有其退场和登场；Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,人生在世扮演着多种角色，Hisactsbeingsevenages…•他的表演有七个时期.•------WilliamShakespeare:AsYouLikeIt(皆大欢喜）Act2,Scene7•☆“Hewasnotofanage,butforalltime”•（他不属于一个时代，而是属于永远）•-----BenJohnsonIntroduction•WilliamShakespeareEnglishpoetandplaywright/dramatist•widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguage•theworld'spre-eminentdramatist.•HeisoftencalledEngland'snationalpoetandtheBardofAvon”.(埃文河诗人)I.LifeStory•Fromthreesources,weknowShakespeare’slife:thechurchandlegalrecords,thefolktraditions,andthecommentsofhiscontemporaries(同龄人）.•ShakespearewasborninStratford-on-Avon(埃文河畔斯特拉特福)in1564.Hisfatherwasawell-to-dotrader.Hegoteducationinalocalgrammarschoolforafewyears.Therehepickedupthe“smallLatinandlessGreek”.WhenShakespearewasaboutfourteenyearsold,hisfatherlosthislittlepropertyandfellintodebt,youngWilliamhadtoleaveschooltohelpsupporthisfamily.Hisoccupation（职业）wasprobablyacountryschoolmasteroralawyer'sclerk.•In1582ShakespearemarriedAnneHathaway,thedaughterofapeasantfamily,whowaseightyearsolderthanherhusband.Afewyearslater,ShakespearewenttoLondon,wherehefirstdidsomeoddjobs.Itwassaidthathekepthorsesfortheaudienceoutsidetheplayhouses.Thenhebecameanactorandawriter.Heworkedveryhard,andwroteforthetheatreattherateoftwoplaysayear.•In1612heretiredfromthestageandreturnedtohishometown,whereheboughtaconsiderableestateandliveduntilhisdeathonApril23,1616,whichwashis52ndbirthday.JohnShakespeare'shouse,believedtobeShakespeare’sbirthplace,inStratford-on-AvonShakespeare'sgraveShakespeareonLondonstageShakespeare’sBurialSiteEngland’sgreatestplaywright,WilliamShakespeare,diedonApril23,1616,andwasburiedintheHolyTrinityChurchinStratford-upon-Avon,Warwickshire.Thestoneslabcoveringhisgraveisinscribedwithacurseagainstmovinghisbones:“GoodfriendforJesus’sake,forbear,Todigthedustenclosedhere.Blestbethemanthatsparesthesestones,Andcurstbehethatmovesmybones.”朋友，看在上帝的情分上，千万别掘此墓。动土者将受灾，保护者会得福。★II.Shakespeare'sDramaticCareer•△Shakespeare’scompleteworksinclude38plays,2narrativepoemsand154sonnets（十四行诗）.•△Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomedies(喜剧）andhistories（历史剧）,thenwrotemainlytragedies（悲剧）,Inhislastphase,hewrotetragicomedies（悲喜剧）,alsoknownasromances（传奇剧）,andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights.★II.HisliterarycareerShakespeare'sliterarycareercanberoughlydividedinto4periods:a.Periodofearlyexperimentation(1590—1594)b.Periodofrapidgrowthanddevelopment(1595—1600)c.Periodofgloomanddepression(1601—1607)d.Periodofcalmafterstorm(1608—1612)a.Periodofearlyexperimentation(1590—1594)•periodofapprenticeship(学徒身份）(apprenticeshipandexperimentation):theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbyimitation（模仿）ofexistingplays,bythespiritofyouthfulnessandrichimagination,byexaggerated（夸张的）languageandbythefrequent（频繁的）useofrhymedcouplets.•HenryVI,PartI《亨利六世》(1590)•HenryVI,PartII(1590)•HenryVI,PartIII(1591)•△RichardIII《里查三世》(1592)•TheComedyofErrors《错中错喜剧》(1592)•TitusAndronicus《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》(1593)•TheTamingoftheShrew《训悍记》(1593)•TheTwoGentlemenfromVerona《维洛那二绅士》(1594)•Love’sLabourLost《爱的徒劳》(1594)△b.Periodofrapidgrowthanddevelopment(1595—1600)•Matureperiodof“greatcomedies”(喜剧）andhistoricalplays（历史剧）:rapidgrowthanddevelopment:theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbymorecarefulandartisticwork,betterplot,andamarkedincreaseintheknowledgeofhumannature.•△RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(1595)(悲剧）•RichardⅡ《里查二世》(1595)•△AMid-SummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》(1595)•KingJohn《约翰王》(1596)•△TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》(1596)•HenryIV,PartI《亨利四世》(1597)•HenryIV,Part11(1597)•MuchAdoaboutNothing《无事生非》(1598)•HenryV，《亨利五世》(1598)•TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘们》(1598)•JuliusCaesar《裘力斯·凯撒》(1599)•△AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》(1599)•△TwelfthNight《第十二夜》(1600)Thematurehistories•1)Heshowedthehorrorsofcivilwar,theresponsibilityofanefficientruler,theimportanceoflegitimatesuccessiontothethrone,thenecessityfornationalunityunderoneking.2)TheonlyoneidealkingisHenryV3)HenryIVandHenryVaretworemarkableplays.Thegreatcomedies1)Theme:Hesangoftheyouth,loveandidealofhappiness.2)Characters:①Heportrayedyoungpeoplefreedfromthefeudalfetters.②Healsoportrayedshrewdclownsandothercommonpeople.③Heplacedwomenataprominentplace,anewtype.△c.Periodofgloomanddepression(1601—1607)•Flourishingperiodofgreattragedies（悲剧）anddarkcomedies:gloomanddepression:theplaysinthisperiodaremarkedbytragicideas•△Hamlet《哈姆雷特》(1601)•TroilusandCressida《特洛埃围城记》(1602)•All'sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》(1602)•MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》(1604)•△Othello《奥赛罗》(1604)•△KingLear《李尔王》(1605)•△Macbeth《麦克白》(1605)•AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉》(1606)•Coriolamus《科利奥兰纳斯》(1607)•TimonofAthens《雅典的泰门》(1607)•Pericles《泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯》(1608)Shakespeare’stragediesMacbethKingLearOthelloHamletHamletisarevengetragedyinform.Thegreattragedies•1)Histragedieswereassociatedwithaperiodofgloomandsorrowinhislife.•2)Shakespearewrote11tragedies.•Theyshowedthestruggleandconflictsbetweengoodandevil,betweenjusticeandinjustice.Inhisplays,thewriterShakespearecondemnsthedarkandevilsociety.d.Periodofcalmafterstor