中医基础理论(中英文对照)

中医基础理论（中英文对照）:RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY第一部分:历史悠久的中国传统医学TraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)hasahistoryofseveralyears.Itsorigincanbetracedbacktoremoteantiquity.Inalongcourseofstrugglingagainstdiseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueandintegratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM.ItisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Morethan2,000yearsago,cameoutHuangdi'sClassiconMedicine(HuangDiNeijing),whichistheearliestmedicalclassicextantinChina.Itconsistsoftwoparts—BasicQuestions(SuWen)andMiraculousPivot(LingShu),eachcomprising)ninevolumes,eachofwhich,inturn,containsninechapters,totalingupto162chapters.Thebookgivesacompleteandsystematicexpositiontothefollowingvarioussubjects:therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thephysiologyandpathologyofthehumanbody,andthediagnosis,treatmentandpreventionotdiseases.Italsousesthetheoriesofyin-yangandthefiveelementstodealfullywiththeprinciplesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimaticandseasonalconditions,geographicallocalitiesandindividualconstitution.Hence(givingexpression)totheholisticconceptoftakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems(NanJing),wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforetheEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM,suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsonmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints.中医有着几千年的历史,起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与疾病的斗争中，中医演化并形成了一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，总计162章。该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的原则并且表达了整体观念的思想即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。继《黄帝内经》之后，东汉时期之前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经典著作相继出现，各抒己见。ShenNong'sHerbal(ShenNongBenCaoJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing)orTheHerbal(BenCao),istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina,whichappearedinabouttheQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorshipunknown.Notonlydoesitlist365medicinalitem—amongwhich252areherbs,67areanimals,and46areminerals,butalsodividesthemintothreegradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects.Thebookalsogivesabriefaccountofpharmacologicaltheories—principal(jun),adjuvant(chen),assistant(zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions(qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi)andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs(wuwei).《神农本草》(亦称“本草经”或“本草”)是中国最早的药物学专著。它出现于秦汉时期，作者不祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物(其中草药252种，动物类药67种，矿物类药46种)而且依药物性质及功效的不同将其分为三个等级。同时，该书简述了方剂的基本原则(君、臣、佐、使)和七情与药物的四气五味相和的原则。IntheHanDynasty(3rdcenturyAD),ZhangZhongjing,anoutstandingphysician,wroteTreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases(ShangHanZaBingLun),whichisdividedintotwobooksbylatergenerations,oneisentitledTreatiseonFebrileDiseases,(ShangHanLun),theotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet(JinKuiYaoLue).ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS(TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes；TechnicalDataSystem技术数据系统),therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine.汉朝(公元前3世纪)的张仲景是一位著名的医家，著有《伤寒杂病论》。该书被后人分为两部分，名为《伤寒论》和《金匱要略》。该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术数据系统，因此，为临床医学的发展奠定了基础。IntheWesternJinDynasty.HuangFumi,afamousphysician,compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion(ZhenJiuJiaYiJing)Thebookconsistsof12volumeswith128chapters,including349acupoints.Itistheearliestextantworkdealingexclusivelywithacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandmoxibustion.西金时期的著名医家皇浦谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷128章组成，包括349个穴位。它是现存最早的针灸学专著，也是针灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。TheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyandculture.In610AD,ChaoYuanfanetal.compiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiologyandSymptomology.Thebookgaveanextensiveandminutedescriptionoftheetiologyandsymptomsofvariousdiseases.ItistheearliestextantclassiconetiologyandsymptomsinChina.In657AD,SuJingtogetherwith20otherscholars,compiledNewly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiuBenCao),whichisthefirstpharmacopoeiasponsoredofficiallyinancientChina,andtheearliestpharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.SunSimiao(581-682AD)devotedallhislifetowritingoutthetwobooks:ValuablePrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJiQianJinYaoFang)andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions(QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica,gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics,acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsforvariousbranchesofmedicine.BothbooksarerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty.SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsasthekingofherbalmedicine.隋唐时期形成了自己封建的经济文化制度。公元前610年，巢元方编辑的《诸病源候论》对各种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广泛而详细的描述。它是现存最早的病因及症状学著作。公元前657年，苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了《新修本草》。它是中国古代官方正式发起编辑的药典，也是世界上最早的药学著作。孙思邈(公元前581-682年)倾其一生精力撰写了两部著作，分别是《备急千金药方》和《千金翼方》.书中涉及了医理总论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸、方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药之祖”。IntheSongDynasty,moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.ThegovermentsetuptheImperialMedicalBureaufor