概要写作--分类讲解

概要写作分类（叙述类&论说类）讲解1.叙述类文章【文本分析】叙述类文章主要叙事，即讲述一个故事，往往涵盖5WH（Who,What,When,Where,Why,How）等信息，根据故事的情节发展（PlotDevelopment），文本基本可以分成五个部分：引入（Exposition）：作为故事的开端，主要交代故事的背景（时间、地点、主要人物、矛盾冲突等）；发展（Risingaction）：故事矛盾冲突不断变化发展的过程；高潮（Climax）：故事矛盾冲突的转折点，故事最紧张的部分；结局（Fallingaction）：故事发展的结局，矛盾冲突的最终解决；尾声（Resolution）：故事结局的影响，以及作者的总结、思考。其中，“尾声”部分并不属于情节发展的必要部分，因此并非所有叙述类文章都具备。【概要写作步骤】①根据情节发展的阶段，将文本分成四到五个部分。②圈划符合该部分功能、推动情节发展的主要内容，用一句话进行总结。③用精炼的语言连接，润色每个部分的概述性句子。④认真检查，自检标准：5WH【例题解析】MeetTheMemberWhoQuitSugarWhenIwas15,Iweighed100kg.Iwasasize20+andhatedthewayIlooked.Iwasaserialbigeaterandquitedepressed.Iwouldsitinfrontofthefridge,eatsomething,movetothecupboard,eatapacketofchips,andmovebacktothefridge.Itwasaheartbreakingcycleofhateandfood.Ididn’tfeelconfident,pretty,orworthwhile.Shoppingmademecry,Iavoidedmirrors,andmysociallifecametoanend.IactuallylostfriendsbecausetheytoldmeIwasantisocial.ItbecamesobadthatIwantedtoabusemyself;myskinandmymindbecamemyenemy.Butthen,Iturnedmylifearound.Iquitsugar.Itstartedwithmymum.Shestagedanintervention(干预)thatmademecry.Iwantedtochange-Ineededtochange-andshecouldseehowunhappyIwas.Sheputmeontoadietthatmostlyaimedtoschedulemeals,and-tomyshockhorror-cutoutallprocessedsugar.Itwassohardatfirst.Iremembertheshameofsneakingchocolateandcandieswhenthethreeo’clockhungerhits.Buttheweekskeptcominganditjustgoteasier.Istoppedeatingsugar,andIstoppedlovingit;simpleasthat.Isubstitutedchipsandbiscuitsforfruitandnuts,andhadcup-of-soupsafterschoolwhenIwashitbythedesire.Ialsohadmoreenergy,havinga20-minutewalkwithmydogintomyeverydayroutine;Ibegantolovethatpersonaltime.⑤Cuttingoutsugargavemesomuchmorecontrolovermybody,andmyoutlookonlifeimproved.Somanypeopleareintimidatedbythewords“quitsugar”.It’snottrue.Fruit,honey,etceteraarenaturalsugars,andbelieveme,theyfuelyoubetterthanchocolatebarsevercould.NowI’m17,turning18,andIweigh70kg.Istillstrugglewithmyweight,butthisiswhereIsitnaturally,andIamveryproudofmyself.IneverthoughtIwouldbeconfidentenoughtoweardressesorskirts,andtakeleadershiprolestoputmyselfoutthereanddevelopmysocialskills.Icouldneverhavedoneitwithoutthesupportofmyfriendsandfamily,andIurgeeveryonewhowantstodorightbythemselvesandchangetheirdiet-quittingsugarorotherwise-tosharetheirdecisionwithpeople.Developasupportnetwork,onlineoroffline,whichcanofferyouadviceorpickyouupwhenyou’redown.AndIcanassureyou,frommyownpersonalexperience,yourbodywillthankyou,andyouwillthankyourselftoo.PossibleversionofthesummaryPassageABeforequittingsugar,shewaslow-spiritedaboutheroverweight.Thenhermomsteppedinandrequiredhertofollowadiettoquitsugar.Despiteinitialdiscomfort,shewasgraduallyusedtoeatingandlivinghealthily.Withherweightlost,shefeltbetterandregainedconfidence.Todothisright,weneedtotakeactionandseeksupport.(59words)PassageBAfterexperiencingalotofheartbreakingmomentsduetoheroverweight,theauthormadeuphermindtogodietbyquittingsugar.Sheturnedtohermotherandhealthyfood.Afterstrugglingwithherweightandsugar-eatinghabit,nowshehaslost30kgandfeelsmuchbetterthaneverbefore.Herexperienceistotakeactionandsupport.(60words)2.论说类文章1）现象分析型【文本分析】该类型文章主要围绕某一现象进行分析、说明或评论，此类文章的典型结构及内容要点见下表：文本结构内容要点说明第一部分呈现现象的具体表现文本中的具体例子和数据不需要写入概要，但总结性的展开说明则需要第二部分分析或说明1.主题句2.展开说明的支持性细节，如方式、影响等第二部分评论及其他信息积极/负面/谨慎的评论1.如与前文内容重复，可不写入概要2.本部分可能不出现在文本中【概要写作步骤】①根据此类文章的基本结构，将文本分为三个部分。②圈划各个部分的内容要点。③撰写概要。概要由以下三个部分组成：第一部分：现象具体表现的关键信息。第二部分：现象的分析或说明等主题句及支持性细节的关键信息。第三部分（如有）：文本所提供的影响、评论等其他信息。④用精炼的语言连接、润色每个部分。⑤认真检查。自检标准：现象的具体表现，以及围绕其进行分析、评论的主题句与支持性细节的关键词句。【例题解析】GeneTherapy“Weusedtothinkthatourfatewasinourstars,butnowweknowthat,inlargemeasure,ourfateisinourgenes,”saidJamesWatson.Watsonisamolecular(分子的）biologistandco-discovererofDNAstructure.Why?Scientistsareseeingthatgenetherapyisrevolutionizingthetreatmentofdisease.Ingenetherapy,healthygenesareintroducedintodefective(有缺陷的）cellstopreventorcuredisease.Whilemuchoftheresearchisinthebeginningstages,somesuccessespointtotherealbenefitofthetherapy.InItaly,doctorshaverecentlytreatedonegeneticdiseasewithgenetherapy.Thisdiseasemostoftenbeginstodestroythebrainwhenchildrenarebetween1and2,stoppingthemfromwalkingandtalking.Byinsertingnormal,healthygeneticmaterialintoavirusandtheninfectingthepatients,scientistsseemtobeabletocurethedisease.Althoughthechildrengiventhetherapystillneedfollow-uptreatments,theynowleadarelativelynormallife.Genetherapyhasalsobeenusedtohelpolderpatients.Thesepeoplesufferfromadiseasethatcausesslowmovementanduncontrollableshakingbecausepartofthebraindies.Thosetreatedwithgenetherapyshoweda23.1percentimprovementwhentestedsixmonthslater.Genetherapyappearstobeamorepositivealternativetosurgeryormedicineandisanexcitingnewapproachthatisjustmakingthenews.Researchershopethatinthecomingyears,everygeneticdiseasewillhavegenetherapyasitstreatment.Butmoreresearchisneededtoassureitssafety.Possibleversionofthesummary:Genetherapy,intendedtopreventorcurediseasebyinsertinghealthygenesintofaultycells,ischangingthetreatmentofdiseaserevolutionarily.Thoughstillintheinitialphases,genetheoryhasbenefitedbothchildrenandolderpatientswithgeneticdiseasebyimproving