Total-Physical-Response

TotalPhysicalResponse(TPR)全身反应法WangWenjingDefinition★TotalPhysicalResponse(TPRalsocalledcomprehensionapproach领悟法)isalanguageteachingmethodbuiltaroundthecoordinationofspeechandaction★Itattemptstoteachlanguagethroughphysical(motor)activityCharacteristics★Listeningcomprehensionshouldbedevelopedbeforespeaking.★Listeningcomprehensionshouldbeacquiredthroughphysicalresponsestospokenlanguage★Studentsareallowedtoanswerquestionswhentheyareready,teachersnevercompelthem★Gamelikemovementsshouldbeinvolvedinordertoreducelearners’stress★ThedeclineofAudiolingualim(1950s-1960s)★AffectiveHumanisticApproach★ItwasmainlyusedforeducationofimmigrantchildreninAmerica★JamesAsher(aprofessorofpsychology)a）Comparesuccessfuladultsecondlanguagelearningtochildfirstlanguageacquisitionb）Gamelikemovementsshouldbeinvolvedtoreducelearners’stress·Theoryoflanguagebasedongrammar(structualview)★Grammarandvocabularyofthetargetlanguagecanbelearnedbyusingimperative(祈使句)★Verbasthecentralpartwhilelearningareorganized·Theoryoflearningbasedonstimulus-responselinkedtotracetheoryofmemory(记忆痕迹理论)★themoreintensivelyamemoryconnectionistraced,thestrongerthememorywillberecalled★Teachersgiveamodelcommandandmotoractivity,studentslisten,observeandlearn★Teachersgivecommands,studentsrespondphysically★StudentsgivecommandsaccompaniedbyphysicalmovementsMemoryisenhanced★Weareinvolvedinthephysicalmovements★Stressisreduced★OurmemoryassociationisstrongerAsher,learninghypothesesThebio-programBrainlateralizationReductionofstressThebio-programparticularsequence★Listeningcomprehensionshouldbefirst★Speech,reading,writingandotherskillscomelaterBrainlateralizationBrainlateralization★Learnersacquirelanguagethroughmotormovement-aright-hemisphereactivity★Afteralotofright-hemispherelearning,thelefthemispherewillbetriggeredtoproducelanguageandtoinitiatemoreabstractlanguageprocessesReductionofstress★problemAccordingtoAsher,thefirstlanguageacquisitiontakesplaceinastress-freeenvironment,whereasadultlanguagelearningenvironmentoftencausesstressandanxiety★solutionWeshouldreducelearners’stressbysomegamelikemovementsandcreatesapositivemoodinthelearners,whichfacilitateslearningObjectivesSyllabusLearningactivityRolesoflearnersandteachersmaterialsObjectives★Beginninglevel:teachoralproficiency★End:comprehension★Ultimateaim:teachbasicspeakingskillsuse:action-baseddrillsSyllabusSentence-based(exercisetype)★Grammaticalandlexicalcriteriabeingprimaryinselectingteachingitems★Firstattentiontomeaningratherthantoitems,grammarisinductiveLearningactivityimperativedrills(操练)★About120hoursofinstruction(physicalaction)★Conversationaldialogues★Otheractivities:roleplays,slidepresentationLearnersrole★Listener★Performer▲TheyareencouragedtospeakwhentheyarereadyTeachersrole(active,direct)★Instructor★Controllera)provideopportunitiesb)providebestkindofmaterial★correctorMaterials(Nobasictext)★Classroomactivities:teachers’voice,action,gesture★Later,useclassroomobjects(pen,cups)★Collectsupportingmaterials(pictures,realia,slidesandwordcharts)★Specificsituation★Review：studentsmovewithcommandseg.pickupyourpen(knife/rubber)andgiveitto……★Newcommandseg.Openthewindowthedoor★Respondphysically(students)eg.Openthewindow★Rolerehearsal:studentsuttercommands★Readingandwriting:writeonthechalkboardandexplain★Popularinthe1970sand1980s★Listeningcomprehensionandphysicalmovementsarethekey★Physicalactionsisameanstolearn★TPRshouldbeaccompaniedwithotherapproachestohaveamoreeffectivelearningAdvantages★Itprovidesacomfortablelearningenvironmenttoreducestudents’stress★Ithelpstodevelopandmotivatestudents’learninginterests★Ithelpsstudentsunderstandquicklyandmemorizedeeply★Itimprovesstudents’communicativeabilityDisadvantages★Teachers’inappropriatephysicalactionwillmisleadstu