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支气管哮喘(Asthma)哈尔滨医科大学临床第一医院呼吸内科张一梅AchronicinflammatorydisorderoftheairwaysCharacterizedby1、episodicairwaynarrowing2、increasedreactivity3、pharmacologicandspontanoudreversibilityTheclassictriadofsymptoms:1、Episodicexpiratorydyspnea2、persistentwheeze3、ChroniccoughOtherassociatedsymptoms:1、chestpainortightness2、sputumproduction不可逆性狭窄气道重塑全球哮喘防治创议(GINA)GlobalInitiativeforAsthma流行病学(Epidemiology)Incidence:1-13%1—4%inChina5—10%inUSA病因和发病机制(AetiologyandPathogenesis)NOTVERYCLEARGeneticfactors:Environmentalfactors:哮喘发病机制示意图环境因素遗传易感个体炎症细胞、细胞因子及炎症介质相互作用神经调节失衡、上皮细胞及气道平滑肌结构功能异常气道炎症气道高反应性症状性哮喘环境激发因子PrecipitatingfactorsVirusAtmosdrugsOthersHousedustmiteparainfluenzaCigarettesmokingB-blockersColdairFlour,pollenVirusResozoneaspirinemotionSnimaldandersSyncytialrhinovirusSulphurdioxideFumesgrainparticulatesexercisemycetesOccupationPathogenesis1、免疫学机制(Immuno-reaction)2、气道炎症(Airwayinflammation)3、气道高反应(AHR:airwayhighreaction)4、神经机制(Nervemachanism)Pathology临床表现(Clinicalfeatures)Symptoms:Signs:wheezingsoundprolongedexpiratorysoundtachycardiaparadoxicalpulssecyanosisnote---silentchest实验室和其他检查(Investigations)1、肺功(Lungfunction):(1)通气功能:阻塞性通气功能障碍decraedFEV1,FEV1/FVC%MMER,decreasedPEFincreasedRV(2)激发试验(bronchialprovocationtest)目的:测定气道反应性适应症:FEV170%定性判断:FEV1下降20%•定量判断:PD20-FEV1,PC20-FEV1(3)舒张试验(bronchialdilationtest)目的:测定气流受限的可逆性阳性:FEV1增加15%,且绝对值增加200ml(4)PEF及变异率目的:判断气道通气功能变化日变异率20%2、动脉血气分析(Gasbloodanalysis)PHA-aDO2PaO2PaCO2A-aDO2(1)resp.alkalosis:decresedPaO2,PaCO2,PHrised(2)resp.acidosis:decresedPaO2,risedPaCO2(3)metablicacidosis:3、胸部X线检查(ChestX-ray)4、痰液检查5、特异性变应原检查:体外体内皮肤吸入诊断??????DiagnosisStandard1.Symptoms2.Signs3.Pharmacologicandspontanoudreversibilityotherdisease4.Atypicalasthma:specialtests分期病情分级分期:急性发作期慢性持续期缓解期Stages:acuteattackingstageremissionstage急性发作期病情分级轻度中度重度危重慢性持续期病情分级第一级间歇第二级轻度持续第三级中度持续第四级严重持续鉴别诊断(Iffentialdiagnosis)CardiacasthmaChronicasthmaticbronchitisLungcancerAllergiclungdiseases:eosinophiliclungdisease并发症(Complicatins)1.Pneumothorax2.Atelectasis3.Mediastinalemphysema4.Lunginfections5.Emphsema6.Bronchiectasis7.Interstitialpneumonia8.Pulmonaryfibrosis9.Pulmonaryheartdisease治疗(Treatment)Letthepatientswithasthmaworkingandlivinglikethehealthpersons。FromGINA一、脱离变应原(Identifyandavoidextrinsicfactors)二.药物治疗(Drugtreatment)Drugs1.缓解哮喘发作---Bronchodilators:(1)β2肾上腺素受体激动剂(agitatorofb2adrenergicreceptor)shortacting:4-6h,salbutamolterbutalinelongacting:10-12h,salmaterolformoterolMethods:inhalationoralmedicationintravenousinjection机理:激动β2受体,----激活腺苷酸环化酶,CAMP升高,游离钙离子减少,松弛气道平滑肌副作用:心悸,骨骼肌震颤β2受体功能下调,气道反应性升高(2)抗胆碱药阻断节后迷走神经通路,降低迷走神经兴奋性,阻断气道收缩与β2受体兴奋剂合用于夜间哮喘及多痰者常用药:雾化异丙托溴铵副作用:口干,口苦,痰粘稠(3)茶碱类(theophyline):机理抑制磷酸二酯酶拮抗腺苷受体刺激肾上腺素分泌增加呼吸肌收缩增加纤毛清除抗炎与激素有协同作用国内外的地位用法口服控释型注射常用药物氨茶碱喘定多索茶碱副作用消化道心血管神经系统药物相互作用血药浓度监测日注射量1克(二)控制哮喘发作----抗炎药1.糖皮质激素最有效药物抑制炎性细胞活化迁抑制细胞因子生成抑制炎性介质释放增强平滑肌细胞β2受体的兴奋性剂型吸入布地奈德倍氯美松口服强的松静脉甲强龙地塞米松氢考副作用联合用药问题2.白三稀受体拮抗剂孟鲁斯特扎鲁斯特3.色苷酸钠抑制肥大细胞释放炎性介质4.其他:酮替酚曲尼斯特氯雷他定三.急性发作期的治疗(Thetreatmentofacuteattackingstage)轻度:吸入激素200-500微克BDP短效兴奋剂口服兴奋剂控释片,小量茶碱控释片中度:500-1000微克BDP规则吸入或口服长效兴奋剂口服LT激动剂口服激素静脉注射茶碱重度及危重度持续雾化吸入β2兴奋剂静脉注射茶碱和沙丁氨醇白三稀拮抗剂静脉注射激素水电酸碱平衡机械通气四.长期治疗间歇至轻度持续中度持续重度持续五.免疫疗法特异性(脱敏疗法)(减敏疗法)非特异性教育与管理(EducationandManagement)哮喘之家(Thehomeofpatientswithasthma)PEF:recordindiarytreatmentplan预后(Prognosis)
本文标题:支-气-管-哮-喘
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