(IVY)-American-Drama

AmericanLiteratureMadebyIvyZhaoOutlineofAmericanLiterature•I.ColonialPeriod(1607-1765)•II.RevolutionaryPeriod(1765-1800)•III.TheAgeofRomanticism(1800-1865)•IV.TheAgeofRealism(1865-1918)•V.AmericanModernism(1918-1945)•VI.ContemporaryLiterature(1945-)AmericanModernism(1918-1945)•BackgroundandDefinition•I.ModernNovels•II.ModernPoetry•III.ModernAmericanDramaAmericanModernism•Background•1.Theeffectofthe1stWorldWarandTheGreatDepression.•2.NewTheoriesandIdeasa.German:KarlMarxandNietzscheb.Austrian:SigmundFreudc.WilliamJames(American)andCarlJung(Switzerland)d.FrenchImpressionism印象派,GermanExpressionism表现主义andCubism立体主义AmericanModernism•Definition•Duringthefirstdecadeofthe20thcentury,Modernismbecameaninternationaltendencyinartandliterature.ItbeganinGermanyinthe1890s,andspreadworldwide;anditendedintheearly1940s.Itincludedawiderangeofartisticexpressionssuchassymbolism,impressionism,post-impressionism,imagism,expressionismandsoon.AmericanModernism•Definition•Americanmodernismlikemodernismingeneralisatrendofthoughtthataffirmsthepowerofhumanbeingstocreate,improve,andreshapetheirenvironment,withtheaidofscientificknowledge,technologyandpracticalexperimentation,andisthusinitsessencebothprogressiveandoptimistic.AmericanDrama•BriefIntroduction•I.GeneralBackgroundDisapprovedbyPuritanism,Americandramastartedlateanddevelopedslowly.Europeandramaentereditsheydayattheendofthe19thcentury.UndertheinfluenceofEuropeandrama,manysmalltheatresappearedinAmerica.Attheverybeginningof20thcentury,AmericandramabecameindependentpartofAmericanliteratureequaltopoetryandfiction.AmericanDramaII.ImportantPhases1.TheRenaissanceofAmericanDramainthe1920s2.AmericanDramawithsocialconcerninthe1930s/theGreatDepression3.AmericanDramainthe1940sandPost-warYears4.Thedeclineinthelate1950s5.Keepingdevelopinginthe1960s6.DiversityofAmericandramafromthe1970sAmericanDrama1.TheRenaissanceofAmericanDramainthe1920sEugeneO’NeillwithhisBeyondtheHorizondominatedthe1920sandmadearenaissanceofdramatogetherwithElmerRice’sTheAddingMachine,MaxwellAndersen’sWhatPriceGlory?GeorgeKelley’sTheShow-OffandSidneyHoward’sTheyKnewWhatTheyWanted.AmericanDrama2.AmericanDramawithsocialconcerninthe1930s/theGreatDepressionThedramaintheDepressionyearswaspreoccupiedwithsocialconcerns,withCliffordOdets’WaitingforLeftyinadditiontoO’NeillandMaxwellAnderson.AmericanDrama3.AmericanDramainthe1940sandPost-warYearsTennesseeWilliamswithhisTheGlassMenageriedominatedthroughthe1940sandthepost-waryears,togetherwithhiscontemporariesArthurMiller’sDeathofaSalesmanandWilliamInge.AmericanDrama4.Thedeclineinthelate1950sThelate1950ssawatemporarydeclineindramaticproductions.5.Keepingdevelopinginthe1960sEdwardAlbeeisanactivedramatistinthisperiod.AmericanDrama6.DiversityofAmericandramafromthe1970sDiversitybecameoneofthedistinctivefeaturesofAmericandramafrom1970s.Therearemulti-racialandmulti-ethnicplaywrightssuchastheChinese-AmericanDavidHenryHwang.EugeneO’Neil尤金·奥尼尔(1888-1953)•“TheAmericanShakespeare”•ThegreatestplaywrightinAmerican•一生创作独幕剧21部，多幕剧28部。I.GeneralIntroduction•EugeneO'Neill(1888-1953)wasanAmericanplaywrightbestknownforexplorationsintothedarkeraspectsofthehumancondition.Frequently,hisplaysshowpeopleontheouteredgesofsocietyorbegininasituationofboredomanddespairandmovedramaticallydownwardstoagrimfinish.•HereceivedthePulitzerPrizefourtimesandreceivedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1936forthepower,honestyanddeep-feltemotionsofhisdramaticworks,whichembodyanoriginalconceptoftragedy,makinghimthefirstUSdramatisttodoso.•1920’sPulitzerPrizeforBeyondtheHorizon1921’sPulitzerPrizeforAnnaChristie1928’sPulitzerPrizeforStrangeInterlude1956’sfourthPulitzerPrizeposthumouslyforhisautobiographical,andtoanextent,darkestandhisapex,LongDay'sJourneyintoNightII.HisMasterpieces•BoundEasttoCardiff《东航卡迪夫》（1914）•TheMoonoftheCarribbeans《加勒比斯之月》（1917）•BeyondtheHorizon《天边外》（1918）•AnnaChristie《安娜·克利斯蒂》（1920）•TheEmperorJones《琼斯皇》（1920)•TheHairyApe《毛猿》（1921）•DesireUndertheElms《榆树下的欲望》（1924）•TheStrangeInterlude《奇异的插曲》（1927）•Ah,Wilderness《啊!荒野》（1923）•TheIcemanCometh《送冰人来了》（1939）•LongDay’sJourneyIntoNight《长夜漫漫路迢迢》1956•AnnaChristie•ThePulitzerPrizeWinnerIII.LongDay'sJourneyintoNight1)Theplaywasfirstperformedin1956,threeyearsafterO'Neill'sdeath,becausethisdeeplyautobiographicalplaywouldbetoopainfultoO'Neill's.ItwonaPulitzerPrizeandhasoftenbeenhailedasO'Neill'sgreatestplay.2)Majorcharacters:p384JamesTyrone:thefather,anactorMaryTyrone:themother,adrugaddictJamieTyrone:losesfaithinlifeEdmundTyrone:thewandercomingbackwithTuberculosisThewholefamilysufferfrustrationsandwishtoescapefromHarshreality1.BriefIntroduction1)TheplayissetinthesummerhomeoftheTyronefamily,August1912.Theactionbeginsinthemorning,justafterbreakfast.Maryhasreturnedtoherfamilyrecentlyafterreceivingtreatmentinasanatoriumformorphineaddiction.Edmund,meanwhile,hasinrecentweeksbeguntocoughveryviolently,andwelearnlateronintheplaythat,asTyroneandJamiesuspect,hehastuberculosis.Throughoutthecourseoftheplay,weslowlyfindoutthatMaryisstilladdictedtomorphine,muchtothedisappointmentofherfamilymembers.