英语国家社会与文化入门上册unit-1

《英语国家社会与文化入门》(上册）TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAnIntroduction(BookOne)TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandUnit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomQuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:1大英帝国2英联邦国家组织3亚瑟王4苏格兰高地5威尔士亲王FocalPoints•effectsofUK’simperialpast•amultiracialsociety•thesignificantroleofLondon•culturalandeconomicdominanceofEngland•invasionfromtheRomanEmpire•settlementoftheAnglo-Saxons•VikingsfromScandinavia•WilliamtheConqueror•physicalfeaturesofScotland•theBattleofBannockburn•UnionwithEnglandin1707•strongScottishidentity•Wale’sunificationwiththeUKThisUnitIsDividedintoFourSectionsI.ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomII.EnglandIII.ScotlandIV.WalesI.ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom•ThefullnameofthecountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Itisacomplicatednameforwhatisinmanywaysacomplicatedcountry.•ThelegacyofthelonggoneBritishEmpireandjoiningoftheEUhavechangedBritain’spositionintheworld.•Thefourconstituentpartspluspost-warimmigrationfromtheformercolonieshaverenderedtheUKamultiracialsociety.•Therearedifferencesbetweenthecapitalandtheprovinces,betweenthenorthandthesouth.London(England)isinthesouthofthecountry,andisdominantintheUKinallsortsofways.TheUKhasanareaof93,800squaremiles(243,000km2),makingitthe80th-largestsovereignstateintheworldandthe11th-largestinEurope.TheUKisthe22nd-mostpopulouscountry,withanestimated64.1millioninhabitants.•ThetwomapsshowthepositionoftheUKintheworldandthefourconstituentpartsoftheUKAtitsheight,theBritishEmpirewasthelargestempireinhistory.By1922theBritishEmpireheldswayoverabout458millionpeople,one-fifthoftheworld'spopulationatthetime.Theempirecoveredmorethan33,700,000squarekm(13,012,000sqmi),almostaquarteroftheEarth'stotallandarea.TheCommonwealthofNations,commonlyknownastheCommonwealth(formerlytheBritishCommonwealth),isanintergovernmentalorganisationof53memberstatesthatweremostlyterritoriesoftheformerBritishEmpire.•TheUKmaintainsitslinkswithitsformercoloniesthroughtheCommonwealthofNations.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isapolitico-economicunionof28memberstatesthatarelocatedprimarilyinEurope.TheEUoperatesthroughasystemofsupranationalinstitutionsandintergovernmentalnegotiateddecisionsbythememberstates.•SinceitsentryintoEUin1973,theUKhasdevelopedacloserrelationshipswithEurope.TheimportanceofLondonintheUK•LondonisthecapitalcityofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom.ItisthemostpopulouscityintheUnitedKingdom,withametropolitanareaofover13millioninhabitants.•Londonisaleadingglobalcity,withstrengthsinthearts,commerce,education,entertainment,fashion,finance,healthcare,media,professionalservices,researchanddevelopment,tourism,andtransport,allofwhichcontributetoitspreeminence.•Itisoneoftheworld'sleadingfinancialcentresandhasthefifth-orsixth-largestmetropolitanareaGDPintheworlddependingonmeasurement.•Londonhasadiverserangeofpeoplesandcultures,andmorethan300languagesarespokenwithinGreaterLondon.Theregion’sofficialpopulationwas8,416,535in2013,makingitthemostpopulousmunicipalityintheEuropeanUnion,andaccountingfor12.5%oftheUKpopulation.LondonhasfourWorldHeritageSites:theTowerofLondon,WestminsterPalace,WestminsterAbbey,St.Margret’sChurch.•TowerofLondonandWestminsterPalaceLondonheld3Olympicgames–1908,1948and2012respectively.•2012OlympicsTheCityofLondoniswidelyreferredtosimplyastheCityandisalsocolloquiallyknownastheSquareMile,asitis1.12sqmi(2.90km2)inarea.Itisoneofthefinancialcentresoftheworld.•TheskylineoftheCityofLondoninDecember2013II.England•Englandisahighlyurbanizedcountry,with80%ofitspopulationlivingincities,andonly2%ofthepopulationworkinginagriculture.•ItslargestcityisthecapitalLondon,whichisdominantintheUKinallfields:government,finance,andculture.•Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions:Romans,Anglo-Saxons,VikingsandtheNormans.•TheGloriousRevolutionof1688changedBritainintoaconstitutionalmonarchy.•Oneofthebest-knownEnglishlegends,KingArthur,derivesfromtheAnglo-Saxonperiod.Englandhasatotalareaof130,395squarekmanditspopulationis53,012,456(2011census)withadensityof407persons/squarekm.•EnglandanditsFlagEngland:HistoryofInvasionandConquest•TheCelts•TheRomans•TheAnglo-Saxons(KingArthur);Anglo-land=England:formthebasisofthemodernEnglishraceandlanguage•TheVikings•TheNormans(WilliamtheConqueror1066,RobinHood)•WilliamandMaryfromHolland(theGloriousRevolution,orthebloodlessrevolution,1688),establishingparliament’sdominanceoverthemonarch•Britishidentitybuilding:constitutionalmonarchy(onlyagapof11yearsruledbyparliament’sleader,OliverCromwell);unificationof4parts;theBritishEmpireFollowingtheconquestoftheBritons,adistinctiveRomano-BritishcultureemergedastheRomansintroducedimprovedagriculture,urbanplanning,industrialproduction,andarchitecture.•BritainwithintheRomanEmpire:AD43-c.410DuringtheiroccupationofBritaintheRomansbuiltanextensivenetworkofroadswhichcontinuedtobeusedinlatercenturiesandmanyarestillfollowedtoday.•Hadrian’sWallandBath–theRomanlegacyinBritainTheAnglo-SaxonsettlementofBritainisthetermtraditionallyusedtodescribetheprocessbywhichthecoastallowlands