英语国家概况-英国Unit-4-British-Government-and-Politics

Unit4GovernmentandPoliticsContents1.TheConstitutionandtheMonarchy2.Parliament3.Government4.PoliticalPartiesandElectionsPoliticalsystemoftheUK:aconstitutionalmonarchy(君主立宪制）andaparliamentarydemocracy（议会民主制）Processoftheevolutionofthesystemintermsofpower:non-democraticCrown→aristocraticLords→theHouseofCommonsundertheleadershipofapowerfulPrimeMinisterDemocraticprocess:growthofpoliticalparties→extensionoftheuniversalfranchise（公民权）→developmentoflocalgovernmentanddevolution（权力下放）1.TheConstitutionandtheMonarchyTheConstitutionPartlywrittenandcontainedinmultipledocumentsEvolvecontinuallyduetonewlawsandjudicialdecisionsComponentsofBritishConstitutionstatutelaw（成文法）commonlaworjudge-madelaw（习惯法或判例法）conventions（惯例）ancientdocumentsEuropeanUnionlawandtheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights（《欧洲人权公约》）FeaturesofBritishConstitutionConstitutionalmonarchyParliamentarysovereignty（议会主权制）Representativedemocracy（代议民主制）Theruleoflaw（法治）QUEENELIZABETHIIHermajesty'spersonalflagYesterdayToday2020/11/57BUCKINGHAMPALACE:HERMAJESTY'SRESIDENCEWINDSORCASTLE:HERMAJESTY'S“SUMMERPALACE”02020/11/58TheMonarchyThelongesthistoryintheworldImportance:theSovereignoftheUnitedKingdom,theHeadofStateof15otherrealms,HeadoftheCommonwealthToreignbutnottorule:performceremonialduties;symbolicFunctionsoftheMonarchOfficialheadofstateHeadofthejudiciaryCommanderinchiefofthearmedforcesSupremeGovernoroftheChurchofEnglandandtheChurchofScotlandGivetheroyalassenttothebillsbeforetheybecomelawPresideovertheStateOpeningofParliament（新一届国会开幕大典：DeclarewarMakepeaceandconcludetreatieswithforeignstatesAdvisorofthePrimeMinisterThreeessentialrightsarestillexercisedbythequeen:1.therighttobeconsulted,2.therighttoadviseand3.therighttowarn.2020/11/5122.ParliamentthePalaceofWestminsterOneoftheoldestrepresentativeassembliesintheworldThesupremelegislativebodyDuration:5years;dissovledbytheCrownontheadviceofthePrimeMinisterElementsofParliamentParliamentTheCrownTheHouseofCommonsTheHouseofLordsHouseofLords（贵族院、上议院）TheUpperHouseNon-electedAplaceofdiscussionanddebateAmoderatecheckinlegislationontheHouseofCommonsThehighestCourtofAppeal（上诉法院）ComponentsoftheHouseofLordsTheHouseofLordsLordsTemporalLordsSpiritualLawLordsLordsTemporal（俗职议员）:92;hereditarypeers（世袭贵族）andlifepeers（终身贵族）LordsSpiritual（神职议员、灵职议员）:archbishopsandbishopsLawlords（上议院高等法官）:judicialfunctionsoftheHouseofLordsHouseofCommons（平民院、下议院）TheLowerHouseMembersofParliament(MPs):651membersDemocraticallyelectedbypeopleThesourceofrealpoliticalpowerGovernmentParty:thepartywiththemajorityofseatsinParliament;PrimeMinister(headofthegovernment)andCabinetOppositionParty:itsLeaderandaShadowCabinet（影子内阁）HouseofCommonsMr.SpeakerGovernmentMembersOppositionMembersCabinetMembers(FrontBenches)OtherMPs(BackBenches)ShadowCabinetMembers(FrontBenches)OtherMPs(BackBenches)PRIMEMINISTER'SQUESTIONThegovernmentMr.SpeakerTheOpposition2020/11/523SPEAKERSOFTWOCHAMBERSMr.Speaker:theSpeakeroftheHouseofCommonsThepresidingofficeroftheHouseofCommonsPresidesovertheHouse'sdebates:determinewhichmembersmayspeakBeresponsibleformaintainingorderduringdebate:punishmemberswhobreaktherulesoftheHouseNon-partisan:renounceallaffiliationwithhisorherformerpoliticalpartywhentakingofficeDonottakepartindebatenorvote(excepttobreakties,andeventhen,subjecttoconventionsthatmaintainhisorhernon-partisanstatus)2020/11/524FunctionsofParliamentTolegislateTovotethetaxationandexpendituresofthegovernmentToexaminegovernmentpoliciesandadministrationTodebatemajorcurrentpoliticalissuesProcessoflegislationTheHouseofCommons(apublicbillproposedbythecabinet→threeseparatereadings)→theHouseofLords(threeseparatereadings)→theMonarch3.GovernmentBritishGovernmentCentralgovernmentLocalgovernmentCountygovernmentDistrictgovernmentWhitehallCentralGovernmentHerMajesty’sgovernmentPrimeMinisterCabinet(20seniorministers)CivilservantsNo.10DowningStreetPrimeMinisterTheleaderofthepartythatholdsthemostseatsintheHouseofCommonsThechiefexecutiveoftheGovernmentTheFirstLordoftheTreasury（首席财政大臣）MinisterfortheCivilService（行政部长）FunctionsofPrimeMinisterPresideovertheCabinetAllocatefunctionsamongministersConsulttheQueenRepresentthenationatmajorinternationaleventsRecommendofficialsandcivilappointmentstotheQueenCabinetThemajordecision-makingbodyinthegovernmentPrinciple:collectiveresponsibility;ministerialresponsibility(withinadepartment)MembersofCabinetCabinetDepartmentministersNon-departmentministersMinisterswithoutportfolioSeniorministersofimportantgovernmentdepartments:theChancelloroftheExchequer（财政部长）;theForeignSecretary（外交部长）;theHomeSecretary（内政部长）;theMinisterofDefence（国防部长）Non-departmentalministers:thelordpresidentofthecouncil（枢密院院长）;thepaymastergeneral（财政部主计长）;thelordprivyseal（掌玺大臣）Ministerswithoutportfolio（不管部长—不专管某一部事物的部长级官员）:ministerswithoutdepartmentalresponsibilitiesLocalgovernmentCountycouncils:53Districtcouncil:369DevolutionScottishParliamentWelshAssemblyNorthernIrelandAssembly4.PoliticalPartiesandElectionsHistoryofthepoliticalpartysystem1.Priorto