111-The-Third-Knights-Speech

Lesson12TheThirdKnight’sSpeechT.S.EliotAbouttheAuthorThomasStearnsEliotThomasStearnsEliot(1888–1965)wasanAmericanpublisher,playwright,literaryandsocialcriticandoneofthetwentiethcentury'smajorpoets.”BornintheUnitedStates,hemovedtotheUnitedKingdomin1914(atage25)andwasnaturalisedasaBritishsubjectin1927atage39.Thepoemthatmadehisname,TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》，1915)isseenasamasterpieceoftheModernistmovement,andwasfollowedbysomeofthebest-knownpoemsintheEnglishlanguage,includingTheWasteLand(《荒原》，1922),TheHollowMen(1925),AshWednesday(《圣灰星期三》，1930)andFourQuartets(《四个四重奏》，1945).Heisalsoknownforhissevenplays,particularlyMurderintheCathedral(《大教堂谋杀案》，1935).HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1948.2020/11/72TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufruockTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock,commonlyknownasPrufrock,beguninFebruary1910andpublishedinChicagoinJune1915.Describedasadramaofliteraryanguish,itpresentsadramaticinteriormonologue,andmarkedthebeginningofEliot'scareerasaninfluentialpoet.Withitsweariness,regret,embarrassment,longing,emasculation,sexualfrustration,senseofdecay,andawarenessofmortality,Prufrockhasbecomeoneofthemostrecognizedvoicesinmodernliterature.2020/11/73MurderintheCathedralMurderintheCathedralisaversedramathatportraystheassassinationofArchbishopThomasBecketinCanterburyCathedralin1170,firstperformedin1935.EliotdrewheavilyonthewritingofEdwardGrim,aclerkwhowasaneyewitnesstotheevent.Theplay,dealingwithanindividual'soppositiontoauthority,waswrittenatthetimeofrisingFascisminCentralEurope,andcanbetakenasaprotesttoindividualsinaffectedcountriestoopposetheNaziregime'ssubversionoftheidealsofChristianity.SomematerialthattheproduceraskedEliottoremoveorreplaceduringthewritingwastransformedintothepoemBurntNorton“(thefirstpoemofFourQuartets).2020/11/74NotesReginaldFitzUrse•OneofthefourknightswhomurderedThomasBecket,theArchbishop.Hewastheleaderoftheaction.2020/11/76theunderdog(L.3)•aperson,teametc.thatisweakerthantheothers,thatisalwaysexpectedtobeunsuccessful,andthatisoftentreatedbadly2020/11/77fairplay(L.4)•(insports)playthatfollowstherules;fairness;treatmentthatisfairandjust2020/11/78QueenMatilda(L.14)•QueenofEngland(1102–67),daughterofEnglishKingHenryI.HenryImarriedhertotheGermanEmperorHenryV.ShereturnedtoEnglandafterherhusband’sdeathin1125.WhentheKin’sonlylegitimatesondied,MatildawasappointedthesuccessortotheEnglishthrone.ShewasthefirstfemalerulerintheKingdomofEngland,thoughthelengthofhereffectiverulewasbrief.In1128shemarriedGeoffreyIVofAnjou(安茹),towhomshebornthreesons,theeldestbeingthefutureHenryII.2020/11/79TheunhappyusurperStephen(LL.14–15)•StephenoftheBlios(布卢瓦),Matilda’scousinwhoseizedthethronein1135onthedeathofHenryI.In1139Matilda,aidedbyherhalfbrotherRobert,capturedStephenandrecoveredthethrone.Shewaselected“LadyoftheEnglish”.In1154,HenryIIbecametheKinguponhismother’swithdrawal.•usurpern.篡夺者2020/11/710Becket(L.25)•Becket(1118–1170),thearchbishopofCanterbury,whowasfirstappointedbyHenryIIasChancellor.In1162theKingproposedthatBecketshouldunitetheofficesofChancellorandArchbishop.Becket,whoacceptedthepostofArchbishop,immediatelygaveuphischancellorship.TheKing,inapassion,madeuseofhastywordswhichledfourknightstostartforCanterburyandmurderedBecketonDecember29,1170.Becket’sshrinethenbecamethemostsacredplaceinChristendom.In1173hewascanonizedandhisfestivalisobservedonJuly7.2020/11/711aunionofspiritualandtemporaladministration(L.31)•(Analmostidealstateis)asocialformwhichcombinedspiritualandtemporaladministrationstogether.“Spiritual”herestandsfor“religious”,while“temporal”,secular(世俗的).2020/11/712heostentatiouslyandoffensivelyadoptedanasceticmanneroflife(LL.37–38)•Headoptedalifethatdeniedanybodilypleasuresinashowyandaggressivewayinordertoleteverybodyknowhissacrifices.他故意炫耀，带着挑衅意味地选择了苦行僧式的生活方式。•ostentatiouslyadv.夸耀地，卖弄地•asceticadj.苦行的，过极简朴生活的2020/11/713Itisonlywiththemeasureswehavehadtoadopt…thatyoutakeissue.(LL.45–47)•Theonlythingthatyoudon’tagreewithisthemethodweareforcedtoadopttocorrectthecurrentsituation.你们只是对我们纠正这一问题所不得不采取的手段存在异议。（为了拨乱反正，我们不得不采取你们不喜欢的非常手段。）•takeissuewithsb.(about/on/oversth.)idm.todisagreeorarguewithsomeoneaboutsomething2020/11/714ifyouhavenowarrivedatajustsubordination…tothewelfareoftheState…(LL.54–56)•Ifyouhavearrivedattheconclusionthatthepretensions(interests)oftheChurchshouldbesubordinatedtothewelfareoftheState…如果你们认为教会的权力应该从属于国家的利益……2020/11/715rememberthatitiswewhotookthefirststep.…youmustshareitwithus.(LL.56–60)•请记住，是我们采取了第一步。为了实现你们所赞同的国事，我们成为了工具。我们是为你们服务的，我们应该获得你们的赞许。如果我们有什么罪过的话，你们也逃脱不了责任。2020/11/716TextComprehensionOutlineI.Beginningofthespeech,withflatterytodisarmandpleasetheaudience.(Para.1)II.Argument(para.2–3)a)syllogism(para.2–3)b)Conclusion:themurderofBecketisnecessary,soitisjustified.(para.3)2020/11/718TextAnalysisWayofReasoning•DeductionThethirdKnightarguesdeductively.Beginningwithcertaingeneralprinciples,heinfersfromthemaconclusionthat,inhisownmindatleast,justifiestheassassinationofBecket.Inthefollowingpart,hismethodremainsoneofdeductivereasoning,althoughhereandthere,headducesfactstosuppo