Modern-Theories-and-Schools-of-Linguistics

ModernTheoriesandSchoolsofLinguistics李庆明西安理工大学ThemaincontentstobelearnedinthiscoursePartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure1)Threeinfluences—linguistics,sociologyandpsychology—onSaussure;2)Saussure’sviewsoflanguage;3)Saussure’smajorcontributionstolinguistics.ThemaincontentstobelearnedinthiscoursePartTwo:AmericanDescriptiveandStructuralistLinguistics1)FranzBoas(鲍阿斯,1858-1942)andhisviewsoflanguageandhiscontributions;2)EdwardSapir(1884-1939)andhisviewsoflanguageandhiscontributions;TheSapir-WhorfHypothesis(萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说);Themaincontentstobelearnedinthiscourse3)TheBloomfieldianAge(布龙菲尔德时期)(1)Bloomfield’sBehaviorism(行为主义)andStimulus-ResponseTheory;(2)Bloomfield’sviewsoflanguage;(3)ThePost-BloomfieldianPeriod(后布龙菲尔德时期)ZellingHarris/CharlesHockett/KennithPikeThemaincontentstobelearnedinthiscoursePartThree:ChomskyandTransformational-GenerativeGrammar1)Chomsky’sPhilosophyofLanguage;2)TheInnatenessHypothesis;3)UniversalGrammarandParticularGrammar;4)GenerativeGrammar;5)TheClassicalTheory;6)TheStandardTheory.ThemaincontentstobelearnedinthiscoursePartFour:EarlyFunctionalistLinguisticTheories1)thePragueSchool(Jakobson,Mathesius,etc.)2)theCopenhagenSchool(Hjelmslev叶尔姆斯列夫,etc.)3)theLondonSchool(Malinowski,马林诺夫斯基;Firth弗斯)ThemaincontentstobelearnedinthiscoursePartFive:Halliday(韩礼德)andSystemic-FunctionalGrammar1)Halliday’sPhilosophyofLanguage;2)Halliday’sSystemicGrammar;3)Halliday’sFunctionalGrammar.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)IntroductionSaussure’sviewoflanguageasasystemofarbitrarysigns(任意的符号),hisdistinctionbetweenlangue(language)andparole(speech),andhisseparationofdescriptivelinguisticsandhistoricallinguisticsintotwodefined(clear-cut)spheresofinterest,earnedhimthereputationofoneofthefoundersofstructurallinguistics.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)Fromthistimeon,thefieldofdescriptivelinguisticsdevelopedrapidlywhilehistoricallinguisticsandcomparativelinguisticsgraduallylosttheirprominence.Saussureisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”.Question:WhyisSaussurecalled“oneofthefoundersofstructurallinguisticsand“fatherofmodernlinguistics”?PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)Saussure’schiefcontributionsareasfollows:1)Hehelpedtosetthestudyofhumanbehavioronanewfooting(basis).Thestudyofhumanbehaviormustfocusprimarilyonthefunctionswhicheventshavewithinageneralsocialframework,anditmusttreatsocialfactsaspartofasystemofconventions(规约系统)andvalues.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)2)Hehelpedtopromotesemiology(符号学).Saussurehelpedtopromotesemiology,thegeneralscienceofsignsandsystemofsigns,andstructuralism,whichhasbeenanimportanttrendincontemporaryanthropologyandliterarycriticismaswellasinlinguistics.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)3)HeclarifiedtheformalstrategiesofModernistthought.4)Heattachedimportancetothestudyoftheintimaterelationbetweenlanguageandhumanmind(心智).Saussure’streatmentoflanguagefocusesonproblemswhicharecentraltonewwaysofthinkingaboutmanandespeciallyabouttheintimaterelationbetweenlanguageandthehumanmind.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)Saussure’scontributionsareactuallyinmanyfields:1)linguistics;2)generalsocialsciences;3)semiotics(符号学/论);4)structuralism,modernistthoughtandourconceptionofman.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)HistoricalBackgroundAbriefreviewcanshowthatSaussure’sideasweredevelopedmainlyalongthreelines:1)linguistics;2)sociology;3)psychology.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)LinguisticInfluenceonSaussureInlinguistics,SaussurereceivedthegreatestinfluencefromtheAmericanlinguistWilliamDwightWhitney(惠特尼,1827-1894).Whitneyarguedthatlanguageisinfactaninstitution(制度),foundedonsocialconventions(社会规约).Itisabodyofusagesprevailinginacertaincommunity,a“treasureofwordsandforms”,eachofwhichis“anarbitraryandconventional(约定随成的)sign”.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)ForSaussure,meaningexistsonlybecausetherearedifferencesofmeaning,anditisthesedifferencesofmeaningthatenableonetoestablishthearticulation(表达)oflinguisticforms.Formscanberecognizednotbecauseoftheirhistoricalcontinuity,butbecauseoftheirdifferentfunctions,theirabilitytodistinguishandtoproducedistinctmeanings.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)SociologicalInfluenceonSaussureAlanguage,accordingtoSaussure,isanexampleofthekindofentity(实体)whichcertainsociologistscall“socialfacts”.ThistermwasmadeatechnicaltermbySaussure’sanothercontemporary,theFrenchsociologistEmileDurkheim(迪尔凯姆,1858-1917),whoisconsideredthefounderofsociologyasamoderndiscipline.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-1913)Socialfacts,accordingtoDurkheim,areideasinthe“collectivemind”(集体心智).Thecollectivemindofasocietyissomethingthatexistsoverandabovetheindividualmembersofthesociety,anditsideasareonlyindirectlyandimperfectlyreflectedinthemindsofthepeoplewhomakeupthatsociety.Inthisviewsocialfactsareradicallydifferentfromindividualpsychologicalacts,sincetheyareofageneralnatureandexerciseconstraintsovertheindividual.PartOne:FerdinanddeSaussure(费尔迪南·德·索绪尔,1857-