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第七章含氮有机化合物RCN、RCONH2、NH2NH2RNO2、RNH2、ArNH2、ArN=NR、ArN2+X-第一节硝基化合物烃分子中的氢原子被硝基取代的化合物。自然界存在量少,主要为人工合成。CH3NO2NO2O2NNO2NO2O2NCH3NO2NO2O2N(CH3)2CHCH3T.N.TT.N.B人工麝香一、命名和结构1.命名原则与卤代烃相似,NO2作取代基CH3CHCH3NO2NO2NO22-硝基丙烷2-nitropropane1,3-二硝基苯或间硝基苯1,3-dinitrobenzene2.结构偶极矩高2个N-O键长均等①N:sp2杂化,其孤对电子所在的P轨道与O的P轨道形成共轭体系。②电负性O>NNOOsp2····仍用右式表示:NOO共振式表示硝基结构:RNOO-+RNOO-+硝基化合物与亚硝酸酯互为异构体:RNOORONORNO2RONO硝基化合物亚硝酸酯二、性质1.脂肪族硝基化合物的化学性质⑴还原RNO2H2NiRNH2⑵酸性CH3NO2CH3CH2NO2CH3CH2CH2NO2CH3COCH2COOC2H5pKa10.28.57.811CH2NOO-+HNOO-+H++CH2-酸式假酸式⑶与羰基化合物缩合CH3NO2+COHHHOCH2CH2NO2HOCH2CHNO2CH2OHHCHOHCHOHOCH2CH2OHCH2OHCCH2OH⑷与亚硝酸反应RCH2NO2R2CHNO2R3CNO2HONO1°2°3°RCNOHNO2NaOH红色液体R2CNONO2NaOH蓝色液体()用途:鉴别三类脂肪族硝基化合物2.芳香族硝基化合物的化学性质⑴还原NO2Fe/HClNH2Zn/NH4ClNHOHZn/NaOHNHNHFe/NaOHNN苯胺苯胲氢化偶氮苯偶氮苯2.硝基对取代基的影响ClNaOH360℃,200POHClNO2NaHCO3130℃OHNO2ClNO2O2NNaHCO3100℃OHNO2O2NClNO2O2NNO2NaHCO335℃OHNO2O2NNO2⑴影响卤素活性⑵硝基影响酚的酸性OHOHNO2OHO2NNO2NO2Pka9.897.150.38第二节胺一、胺的分类和命名1.分类根据与N相连的烃基数目RNH2R2NHR3NR4N+X-1°伯胺2°仲胺3°叔胺季铵盐RCH2OHRCHROHRCROHR1°伯醇2°仲醇3°叔醇CH3CCH3CH3OHOHCH3CCH3CH3NH2NH2叔醇仲醇伯胺伯胺NCH3CH3CH3叔胺根据烃基类型RNH2脂肪胺ArNH2芳香胺根据分子中氨基的数目一元胺二元胺三元胺2.命名简单胺某胺环己胺cyclohexylamine三甲胺trimethylamine己二胺hexanediamineNH2(CH3)3NNH2(CH2)6NH2N(CH3)2N,N-二甲苯胺N,N-dimethylaniline复杂胺CH3CHCH2CHCH3CH3NH24-甲基-2-戊胺4-methyl-2-pentanamineCH3CH2CHCHCH3CH3N(C2H5)2N,N-二乙基-3-甲基-2-戊胺N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamineC2H5NHCH2CH2NH2N-乙基乙二胺N-ethyl-1,2-ethanediamine季铵盐:以铵为母体,N上的烃基按取代基顺序规则先大后小C12H25N(CH3)3Cl+-C6H5CH2N(CH3)2BrC12H25+-氯化十二烷基三甲基铵苄基十二烷基二甲基溴化铵二、胺的物性1.物理性质为什么胺的沸点1°>2°>3°?为什么低级胺水溶性大?芳香胺的毒性较大。三、胺的立体化学1.氮的杂化态N:1S2,2S2,2P33个SP3杂化轨道、一对孤对电子,具有亲核性和碱性NHHH107.3°NCH3HH112.9°NCH3CH3CH3108°105.9°······NHH········113.9°H-N-H平面与苯环平面夹角39.4°,但仍可p-π共轭;氮上有一对孤对电子,具有亲核性和碱性2.手性氮当氮上连接三个不同基团时,为手性氮:NCH3C2H5H··NH5C2CH3H··两个对映体间的能垒差很低,室温下迅速转化,目前尚未能分离。NH5C2CH3H··当氮连接四个不同基团时,两对映体不能转换:NC6H5CH2C6H5CH2=CHCH2NC6H5CH2C6H5CH2CH=CH2CH3CH3++四、胺的化学性质1.碱性和成盐RNH2+HClNRHHH+Cl-··强酸弱碱盐RNH3Cl+-+NaOHRNH2+NH4Cl+H2O用途:提纯胺含杂质的胺溶于干燥的Et2O中,通过干燥的HCl,生成胺的盐酸盐沉淀,分离后用碱将其析出。胺的水溶液呈碱性:NH3+H2ONH4++OH-RNH2+H2ORNH3+OH+-Kb=RNH3OH[][]RNH2[]pKb=logKb-pKb+pKa=14Kb碱性pKb碱性(1)脂肪胺的碱性气相:(CH3)3N(CH3)2NHCH3NH2NH3>>>(CH3)3N(CH3)2NHCH3NH2NH3>>>水溶液相:3°2°1°3°2°1°CH3的+I效应使N上电子云密度增加,与H+的结合力增加,碱性增强。Kb×10559.542.56.731.8原因:①主要因素:溶剂化效应,水合铵离子的稳定性(CH3)2NHHOOHHHH+(CH3)3NH+OHH>②次要因素:空间效应胺的碱性强弱由电子效应、溶剂化效应和空间效应所决定。(2)芳香胺的碱性CH3NH2NH3>>>>PhNH2PhNHPhPh3NpKb3.384.759.38为什么芳香胺的碱性比脂肪胺小?原因:N上孤对电子与苯环p-π共轭,使N上电子云密度降低,结合质子能力降低,碱性减弱。注意:苯环上取代基对芳胺碱性的影响Y为供电子基:芳胺碱性增强Y为吸电子基:芳胺碱性减弱YNH2NHCH3NH2NO2NH2NH2OMeabcd碱性:d>a>c>b2.酸性酸性较弱,强碱作用下可成盐CH3NH2+NaFeNaNHCH3+-+H2(C2H5)2NH+C6H5LiEt2OLiN(C2H5)2+-+C6H6-NHR、-NR2是强碱试剂。3.烃基化CH3NH2+RBrCH3NH2R+Br-+1°胺2°胺OHCH3NHR+H2OCH3NHR+RBrCH3NHR2+Br-+OH-CH3NR2+H2O2°胺3°胺CH3NR2+RBrCH3NR3+Br-+OH-CH3NR33°胺+OH-季铵盐季铵碱NH3或RNH2的烷基化产物为混合物。4.酰基化CRXO+H2NCH3··CRXONH2CH3+-CRNHCH3O+HX注意:①1°、2°胺可反应②R:脂肪族、芳香族③X:卤素、-OCOR、-OR等酰基化试剂有意义的反应:①芳胺酰化(保护-NH2)NH2+CH3COCCH3OONHCCH3O+CH3COOH②Hinsberg反应(兴斯堡反应)1°RNH2+C6H5SO2ClC6H5SO2NHRNaOHC6H5SO2NR[]-Na+H+RNH2固体可溶于碱液2°R2NH+C6H5SO2ClC6H5SO2NR固体NaOH(—)R2NHH+3°R3N+C6H5SO2Cl(—)蒸出用途:①分离提纯、鉴别1°、2°、3°胺;1°2°3°ArSO2ClA(+)(+)(-)固体固体过滤滤液滤渣H/H2O+H/H2O+1°2°胺胺NaOH(+)(-)液体固体B5.与亚硝酸反应(1)脂肪胺1°RNH2+NaNO2+HXRNNX+-[]R++X-+N22°R2NH+HNO2R2NNO+H2OHR2NH精制2°胺3°不反应黄色油状固体,N-亚硝基化合物定量用途:鉴别1°2°3°胺;精制2°胺;定量测定1°胺。1°NH2+NaNO2+HX0-5℃NNX+-+NaX+2H2O芳香族重氮盐2°NH+HNO2NNO+H2O黄色固体NNOCH3NCH3H+HNO2棕色油状3°N(CH3)2+HNO2N(CH3)2NO(2)芳香胺绿色叶片状用途:重氮盐用于有机合成;亚硝酸反应区别1°、2°3°胺6.氧化反应CH3CH2NH2H2O2CH3CH2NO2Cope消除(具有β-H的氧化叔胺热分解顺式消除)HCH2N(CH3)2H2O2HCH2N(CH3)2O+-HCH2N(CH3)2O+-160℃CH2+(CH3)2NOH7.芳胺的特性(1)氧化易在空气中氧化:NH2MnO2H2SO410℃OO苯环上有吸电子基,-X,-NO2,-CN等,氨基氧化为硝基NH2XXCF3COOOHCH2Cl2XXNO2(2)卤代①活性大,难停留在一元取代阶段:NH2+3Br2H2ONH2BrBrBr②芳胺乙酰化,降低活性,可一元取代:NH2(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3Br2NHCOCH3Br+NHCOCH3Br③溶剂不同,产物不同NH2(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3Br2CH3COOHNHCOCH3BrH3O+NH2BrBr2(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3BrH3O+NH2BrH2SO4NH3HSO4+-Br2NH3HSO4BrNaOHNH2Br(3)磺化NH2+H2SO4NH3HSO4+-180-200℃NHSO3H[]NH2SO3HNH3SO3+-内盐,熔点高(4)硝化NH2(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3HNO3CH3COOHHNO3(CH3CO)2ONHCOCH3NO2H3O+NH2NO2NHCOCH3NO2H3O+NH2NO2H2SO4NH3HSO4+-NH2HNO3NH3HSO4NO2NaOHNH2NO28.季铵盐和季铵碱(1)季铵盐和相转移催化R3N+RXR4NX+-C12H25N(CH3)3Cl+-C6H5CH2N(CH3)2BrC12H25+-阳离子表面活性剂,可作乳化剂、杀菌剂。长链季铵盐做相转移催化剂(PTC)(2)季铵碱的热分解R3N+Ag2OR4NOH+-H2O①不含β-HOH-NCH3CH3CH3CH3+CH3OH+(CH3)3N②含一种β-HSN2取代OH-NCH3CH3CH3CHCH2+HRRCH=CH2+(CH3)3Nβ-消除③含多种β-HCH3CH2CHCH3N(CH3)3+OH-ββ′△CH3CH=CHCH3CH2=CHCH2CH3+(CH3)3N5%95%断键方式:α-C:C-N键断,β-C:C-H键断主产物:不饱和碳上连烃基少的烯烃——Hofmann规则β-H消除由易到难排序:CH3RCH2R2CH>>原因:A.β-H酸性越大,消去越容易B.立体因素:β-H与N+R3在同平面交叉位置(Newman式)如CH3CH2CHCH3N(CH3)3+OH-ββ′αHCH3HHCH3N(CH3)3+βαHCH3CH3HHN(CH3)3+βαHCH3HCH3HN(CH3)3+βαCH3CH2CHCH3N(CH3)3+OH-ββ′α最稳定,但无反式β-H有反式β-H,但不稳定HC2H5HHHN(CH3)3+βα′构象稳定,也有反式β-H主产物:CH2=CHCH2CH3应用:测定胺的结构(1)消耗碘甲烷的mol数判断胺类型RNH23CH3IRN(CH3)3I+-1°胺3molCH3I2°胺2molCH3I3°胺1molCH3I(2)从烯烃结构反推胺中R的结构烯烃结构胺的可能结构RCHCH2RCH2CH2NRCHCH3NRCH2CR′RCHCHR′RCHCH2RN′RCH2CHRN′RCHCH2NRRRCN(3)环胺结构推导N2CH3INCH3CH3+I-Ag2OH2O△N(CH3)2CH3IAg2OH2O△胺的类型(从消耗碘甲烷的mol数推测,通过二次甲基化)R的结构(产物为二烯烃)思考:NCH3CH3+OH-△?CH3I1)2)Ag2O,H2O,△?1.2.C7H15N3CH3IAg2O,H2O,△BA1)O32)Zn/H2O2-甲基-1,6-己二醛五、胺的制备1氨和胺的烃基化NH3RXOH-RNH2RXOH-R2NHRXOH-R3NRXR4NX+-NH2HClCH3OHOH-NHCH3+N(CH3)3卤代芳烃
本文标题:第七章、含氮有机化合物(2)
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