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Don’talwaysbelievewhatscientistsandotherauthoritiestellyou!不要总是相信科学家们告诉你的事Don’talwaysbelievewhatscientistsandotherauthoritiestellyou!Beskeptical!Thinkcritically!That’swhatItellmystudents.Earlyinmycareer,Iwasaconventionalsciencewriter,easilyimpressedbyscientists’claims.Butdoubtgraduallyweakenedmyfaith.Scientistsandjournalists,Irealized,bycontinuouslyboastingscientific“advances”—fromtheoriesofcosmic(宇宙的)creationandtheoriginoflifetothelatesttreatmentsfordepressionandcancer,madescienceseemmorepowerfulandfast-movingthanitreallyis.Now,Iurgemystudentstodoubttheclaimsofsomescientists.Thisisn’tscienceanymore;Ideclareinclass,it’sonlysciencefictionwithequations!Todrivethispointhome,IassignarticlesbyJohnIoannidis,anepidemiologistwhohasexposedtheweaknessofmostpeer-reviewedresearch.Ina2005study,heconcludedthat“mostpublishedresearchfindingsarefalse.”Sohowdomystudentsrespondtomyskepticalteaching?Somereactwithhealthypushback,especiallytomysuggestionthattheeraofreallybigscientificdiscoveriesmightbeover.“Onascalefromtoddlerknowledgetoultimateenlightenment,man’sunderstandingoftheuniversecouldbeanywhere,”wroteastudentnamedMatt.“Howcanapersonsaywithcertaintythateverythingisknownorclosetobeingknownifitisincomparabletoanything?”Otherstudentsembraceskepticismtoadegreethatshocksme.Cecelia,abiomedical-engineeringmajor,wrote:“Iamskepticalofthemethodsusedtocollectdataonclimatechange,theanalysisofthisdata,andthepredictionsmadebasedonthisdata.”Pondering(思索)thelessonthatcorrelationdoesnotequalcausation,Stevequestionedthefoundationsofscientificreasoning.“Howdoweknowthereisacauseforanything?”heasked.Inasimilarway,somestudentsechoedtheclaimofradical(激进的)postmoderniststhatwecanneverreallyknowanythingforcertain,andhencethatalmostallourcurrenttheorieswillprobablybeoverturned.JustasAristotle’sphysicsgavewaytoNewton’s,whichinturnyieldedtoEinstein’s,soourcurrenttheoriesofphysicswillsurelybereplacedbycompletelydifferentones.Afteroneespeciallyharshpaper,Iresponded,“Whoa!”Science,Ilecturedsternly,hasestablishedmanyfactsaboutrealitybeyondareasonabledoubt,embodiedbyquantummechanics,generalrelativity,thetheoryofevolution,thegeneticcode.Thisknowledgehasyieldedapplications—fromvaccinestocomputerchips—thathavetransformedourworldincountlessways.Itispreciselybecausescienceissuchapowerfulmodeofknowledge,Isaid,thatyoumusttreatnewpronouncementsskeptically,carefullydistinguishingthegenuinefromthefalse.Butyoushouldn’tbesoskepticalthatyoudenythepossibilityofachievinganyknowledgeatall.Mystudentslistenedpolitely,butIcouldseethedoubtintheireyes.Weprofessorshaveadutytoteachourstudentstobeskeptical.Butwealsohavetoacceptthat,ifwedoourjobswell,theirskepticismmayturnonus.(选自researchgate)1.Whywastheauthor’sfaithinscienceweakened?A.Becausesomeessaysfromhispeerscholarscaststrongdoubtonscience.B.Becausescientistsoftenpresentedanoverlyoptimisticpictureofscience.C.Becausehewastiredofreadingtoomuchsciencefictionwithequations.D.Becauseanacademicfigureclaimedthatmostpublishedresearchfindingswerefalse.2.WhichofthefollowingwasNOToneofthestudents’responsestotheauthor’sskepticalteaching?A.Somedoubtedhissuggestionofthelimitationofscientificdiscoveries.B.Somequestionedthewayofdatacollectingandscientificreasoning.C.Somelaunchedharshcriticismagainsttheauthor’sadvocacyofskepticism.D.Someclaimedtherewasnocertaintyforanyestablishedtheory.3.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofhisstudents’responses?A.Heconsideredthemasadisplayoftheircreativity.B.Heviewedthemamustinordertounderstandthespiritofscience.C.Hetreatedthemasanextremeapplicationofskepticism.D.Heregardedthemasakindofrespectpaidbystudentstotheirteacher.4.Whichmightbethebesttitleforthisarticle?A.WhenTeachingCriticalThinkingBackfiresB.SkepticismMakesTeachingMoreFunC.NoDoubt,NoScienceD.StudentsTurnOutBetterThanTeacher译文:不要总是相信科学家和其他权威人士告诉您的内容!持怀疑态度!认真思考!我就是这么告诉我的学生的。在我职业生涯的早期,我是一名常规科学作家,科学家的主张给他留下了深刻的印象。但是怀疑逐渐削弱了我的信念。我意识到,科学家和新闻工作者不断吹嘘科学的“先进性”,从宇宙创造理论和生命起源到抑郁症和癌症的最新治疗方法,使科学似乎比真正的强大和快速发展。是。现在,我敦促我的学生怀疑一些科学家的说法。这不再是科学;我在课堂上宣布,这只是带有方程式的科幻小说!为了说明这一点,我分配了流行病学家约翰·约阿尼迪斯的文章,他揭露了大多数同行评审研究的不足之处。在2005年的一项研究中,他得出的结论是“大多数已发表的研究结果都是错误的。”那么我的学生对我的怀疑教学有何反应?有些人做出了健康的回应,尤其是对我的建议:真正的重大科学发现时代可能已经结束。一位名叫马特的学生写道:“从幼儿的知识到最终的启蒙,人类对宇宙的理解无处不在。”“一个人如何才能确定地说,如果一切都无法比拟,那么一切都是已知的或接近已知的?”其他学生对这种怀疑表示震惊。生物医学工程专业的Cecelia写道:“我对用于收集气候变化数据的方法,该数据的分析以及基于该数据所作的预测表示怀疑。”在思考“关联不等于因果关系”这一课时,史蒂夫质疑科学推理的基础。“我们怎么知道有什么原因?”他问。以类似的方式,一些学生回应激进的后现代主义者的主张,即我们永远不可能真正知道某些事情,因此,我们目前几乎所有的理论都可能被推翻。正如亚里士多德的物理学让位给牛顿的物理学,而牛顿的物理学又让其屈服于爱因斯坦的物理学一样,我们当前的物理学理论肯定会被完全不同的理论所取代。收到一张特别苛刻的论文后,我回答:“哇!”我严厉地讲过,科学已经建立了许多关于现实的事实,这超出了合理的怀疑范围,其中包括量子力学,广义相对论,进化论和遗传密码。这种知识已经产生了从疫苗到计算机芯片的各种应用,这些应用以无数种方式改变了我们的世界。我说过,正是因为科学是一种如此强大的知识模式,所以您必须怀疑地对待新的声明,仔细区分真伪。但是您不应该如此怀疑,以至于您完全否认获得任何知识的可能性。我的学生礼貌地听着,但我能从他们的眼神中看出疑问。我们的教授有责任教我们的学生持怀疑态度。但是我们也必须接受,如果我们做好工作,他们的怀疑可能会打扰我们。答案及解析:■1.B细节题,考查文中具体信息解析:第一段提到:科学家和记者们不断鼓吹科学的发展,夸大了科学的力量和发展速度(morepowerfulandfast-movingthanitreallyis),这削弱了作者对科学的信念。■2.C细节题,考查文中具体信息解析:从第二段到第四段可以看出,面对“我”对科学的质疑,学生们有的进行了温和反驳,有的态度激进,全面支持怀疑主义,但没有人对“我”提出激烈批判,所以C错误。■3.C考查理解作者的意图、观点和态度解析:第五段中提到,“我”在收到一篇过于激进的论文后,严肃地告诫学生,怀疑精神意味着要学会区别真
本文标题:不要总是相信科学家们告诉你的事Don’t-always-believe-what-scientist
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