密尔沃基美术馆结构分析

CaseStudy:MilwaukeeArtMuseumARCH631:StructuralSystemsProf.AnneNicholsAaronM.VorwerkContentsTheMilwaukeeArtMuseumTheArchitectTheQuadracciPavilionDesignConceptBuildingLayoutStructuralFeaturesSummaryTheMilwaukeeArtMuseum•BeganwithLaytonArtGallery(1888)andMilwaukeeArtInstitute(1918)•JoinedtoformMilwaukeeArtCenterin1957andmovedintonewEeroSaarinen-designedbuildingonMilwaukeewaterfrontTheMilwaukeeArtMuseum•Museumcollectioncontinuedtoexpandthroughoutthe1980sand’90s•Attendanceincreaseddramatically,approaching200,000annualvisitors•Bothfactorspromptedconsiderationofanexpansion•Lookingforastrongarchitecturalstatement,museumofficialsturnedtoarchitectandengineerSantiagoCalatravain1994•Calatrava’sdesignwasunveiledinMarch1996,receivinganenthusiasticresponsefromthecommunity•TheQuadracciPavilionwascompletedinOctober2001,becomingthefirstbuildingconstructedbyCalatravaintheUnitedStatesTheMilwaukeeArtMuseumTheArchitect•SantiagoCalatravawasborninValencia,Spainin1951•HeearnedadegreeinarchitecturefromEscuelaTecnicaSuperiordeArquitecturainValencia•Hethenpursuedstudiesinthefieldofcivilengineering,completingaPh.D.fromtheFederalInstituteofTechnologyinZurich,Switzerlandin1979TheArchitect•Calatravabeganenteringdesigncompetitionstogainrecognition•HisfirstwinningdesignwastheStadelhofenRailwayStation(Zurich,1983)•Ashegainedcommissions,heopenedasecondoffice(Paris)in1989,andthenathird(Valencia)in1991•TheMilwaukeeArtMuseumexpansionbecamehisfirstmajorprojectbuiltintheUnitedStatesin2001•CalatravaearnedTimeMagazine’s“Bestof2001”awardandtheInternationalIlluminationDesignAwardofMeritforhisworkontheMAMexpansion•HeiscurrentlyworkingonthreemajorprojectsintheUnitedStates,aswellasmanycommissionsoverseasTheQuadracciPavilionDesignConcept•TheCityofMilwaukeewaslookingfora“strongarchitecturalstatementinanexcitingyetfunctionalbuilding”thatwould“setanarchitecturalstandardforthenextmillennium”•ArchitectSantiagoCalatrava’sresponsewastodesigna“glowing‘lantern’onthedowntownlakefront,radiatinglightinalldirections”•Thedesignfeaturesalargepavilioncontainingaglass-enclosedreceptionhallwithatransparent,boat-likeprowfacingthelake,aswellasahuge,operablewing-likeBrise-SoleilsunscreenBuildingLayoutBuildingLayoutBuildingLayoutBuildingLayoutBuildingLayoutMainLevelFloorPlanStructuralFeatures:FiniteElementModel•ThecomplexityoftheQuadracciPavilionrequiredthatthematfoundationslab,pavilion,A-frames,ringbeams,andBurkeBrise-SoleilbedesignedthroughadetailedfiniteelementmodelanalysisStructuralFeatures:BuildingSection•AquickstudyofapartialbuildingsectionrevealsthecleverarrangementofpinnedconcretearchelementswhichtransfersstructuralloadstothefoundationwallandcenterbeamStructuralFeatures:Pavilion•Themildly-reinforcedconcretepavilionsupportsthebackstaybeamandeastpierofthepedestrianbridge,aswellastheA-framesandbuildingspinethatinturnsupportthemoveableBurkeBrise-SoleilStructuralFeatures:Pavilion•Thecable-stayedbridgepylonandtheQuadracciPavilion’sbuildingspinearealignedonthesameaxisandareinclined48.36degreestowardthePavilionStructuralFeatures:BurkeBrise-Soleil•ThesignatureelementoftheCalatravaadditioniscomposedoftwolargeoperablewings,eachmadeupof36interconnectedfins,spanningalmost220feetStructuralFeatures:BurkeBrise-Soleil•11pairsofactuatorsoperatesimultaneouslytoopenorclosethewingsinunisonbyturningtworotatingspinesupto90degreesStructuralFeatures:PedestrianBridge•Acable-stayedpedestrianbridgefeaturingasteeply-rakedpylonand‘boomerang’abutmentspans230feetacrossamajorthoroughfare,connectingMilwaukee’sdowntownwiththewaterfront•The192-foot-longpylonsupportsthe10majorspansofthebridgethrough9locked-coilcablesand18backstaycablesStructuralFeatures:Multiframe2D®Analysis•Tostudythecross-sectionoftheMAMexpansionmoreclosely,asimplifiedfiniteelementmodelwasconstructedusingMultiframe2D;archesandnon-uniformelementswereapproximatedbymultiplestraightsegmentsStructuralFeatures:Multiframe2D®Analysis•Inadditiontotheself-weightofthemembers,deadandliveloadsontheroofandfloorswereapproximatedbyuniformdistributedloads;membersizeswerethenoptimizedusingthefiniteelementanalysissoftwareStructuralFeatures:Multiframe2D®Analysis•MemberreactionsindicatethatthemajorityofbuildingloadsaretransferredthroughtheC1elementtoitsdouble-pinnedconnectionwiththecenterfoundationbeamStructuralFeatures:Multiframe2D®Analysis•Inthesimplifiedmodel,significantshearingforcesareexperiencedbytheC1elementbetweenthegallerycolumnsandfoundationarches,whileloadsremainmostlyaxialthroughotherelementsStructuralFeatures:Multiframe2D®Analysis•Asmightbeexpected,thelargestmomentsareobtainedwithintheC1elementsinthesimplifiedmodel;intheactualdesign,momentsareminimizedthroughtheuseofarches,andtensionforcesarecontrolledwherenecessarybypost-tensionedsteelreinforcementStructuralFeatures:Multiframe2D®Analysis•Throughthereductionofinternalmoments,deflectionsofthestructuralelementsarealsominimizedSummary•Therecently-completedQuadracciPavilion,anexpansionoftheMilwaukeeArtMuseum,hasachievedpraisebothasanarchitecturaliconandastructuralmarvel•Floorplans,elevations,andiso