材料手册(剑桥大学工程系2003版)materials

1MaterialsDataBook2003EditionCambridgeUniversityEngineeringDepartment2PHYSICALCONSTANTSINSIUNITSAbsolutezerooftemperature–273.15°CAccelerationduetogravity,g9.807m/s2Avogadro’snumber,AN6.022x1026/kmolBaseofnaturallogarithms,e2.718Boltzmann’sconstant,k1.381x10–26kJ/KFaraday’sconstant,F9.648x107C/kmolUniversalGasconstant,R8.3143kJ/kmolKPermeabilityofvacuum,µo1.257x10–6H/mPermittivityofvacuum,εo8.854x10–12F/mPlanck’sconstant,h6.626x10–37kJ/sVelocityoflightinvacuum,c2.998x108m/sVolumeofperfectgasatSTP22.41m3/kmolCONVERSIONOFUNITSAngle,θ1rad57.30°Energy,USeeinsidebackcoverForce,F1kgf1lbf9.807N4.448NLength,l1ft1inch1Å304.8mm25.40mm0.1nmMass,M1tonne1lb1000kg0.454kgPower,PSeeinsidebackcoverStress,σSeeinsidebackcoverSpecificHeat,Cp1cal/g.°C4.188kJ/kg.KStressIntensity,K1ksiin1.10MPamTemperature,T1°F0.556KThermalConductivity,λ1cal/s.cm.oC4.18W/m.KVolume,V1Imperialgall1USgall4.546x10–3m33.785x10–3m3Viscosity,η1poise1lbft.s0.1N.s/m20.1517N.s/m21CONTENTSPageNumberIntroduction3Sources3I.FORMULAEANDDEFINITIONSStressandstrain4Elasticmoduli4Stiffnessandstrengthofunidirectionalcomposites5Dislocationsandplasticflow5Fastfracture6Statisticsoffracture6Fatigue7Creep7Diffusion8Heatflow8II.PHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFMATERIALSMeltingtemperature9Density10Young’smodulus11Yieldstressandtensilestrength12Fracturetoughness13Environmentalresistance14Uniaxialtensileresponseofselectedmetalsandpolymers15III.MATERIALPROPERTYCHARTSYoung’smodulusversusdensity16Strengthversusdensity17Young’smodulusversusstrength18Fracturetoughnessversusstrength19Maximumservicetemperature20Materialprice(perkg)21IV.PROCESSATTRIBUTECHARTSMaterial-processcompatibilitymatrix(shaping)22Mass23Sectionthickness23Surfaceroughness24Dimensionaltolerance24Economicbatchsize252V.CLASSIFICATIONANDAPPLICATIONSOFENGINEERINGMATERIALSMetals:ferrousalloys,non-ferrousalloys26Polymersandfoams27Composites,ceramics,glassesandnaturalmaterials28VI.EQUILIBRIUM(PHASE)DIAGRAMSCopper–Nickel29Lead–Tin29Iron–Carbon30Aluminium–Copper30Aluminium–Silicon31Copper–Zinc31Copper–Tin32Titanium-Aluminium32Silica–Alumina33VII.HEATTREATMENTOFSTEELSTTTdiagramsandJominyend-quenchhardenabilitycurvesforsteels34VIII.PHYSICALPROPERTIESOFSELECTEDELEMENTSAtomicpropertiesofselectedelements36Oxidationpropertiesofselectedelements373INTRODUCTIONThedataandinformationinthisbooklethavebeencollectedforuseintheMaterialsCoursesinPartIoftheEngineeringTripos(aswellasinPartII,andtheManufacturingEngineeringTripos).Numericaldataarepresentedintabulatedandgraphicalform,andasummaryofusefulformulaeisincluded.Alistofsourcesfromwhichthedatahavebeenpreparedisgivenbelow.TabulatedmaterialandprocessdataorinformationarefromtheCambridgeEngineeringSelector(CES)software(EducationaldatabaseLevel2),copyrightofGrantaDesignLtd,andarereproducedbypermission;thesamedatasourcewasusedforthematerialpropertyandprocessattributecharts.Itmustberealisedthatmanymaterialproperties(suchastoughness)varybetweenwidelimitsdependingoncompositionandprevioustreatment.Anyfinaldesignshouldbebasedonmanufacturers’orsuppliers’dataforthematerialinquestion,andnotonthedatagivenhere.SOURCESCambridgeEngineeringSelectorsoftware(CES4.1),2003,GrantaDesignLimited,RustatHouse,62CliftonRd,Cambridge,CB17EGMFAshby,MaterialsSelectioninMechanicalDesign,1999,ButterworthHeinemannMFAshbyandDRHJones,EngineeringMaterials,Vol.1,1996,ButterworthHeinemannMFAshbyandDRHJones,EngineeringMaterials,Vol.2,1998,ButterworthHeinemannMHansen,ConstitutionofBinaryAlloys,1958,McGrawHillIJPolmear,LightAlloys,1995,ElsevierCJSmithells,MetalsReferenceBook,6thEd.,1984,ButterworthsTransformationCharacteristicsofNickelSteels,1952,InternationalNickel4I.FORMULAEANDDEFINITIONSSTRESSANDSTRAINAFt=σoAFn=σ=otlllnεoonlll−=εF=normalcomponentofforcetσ=truestressoA=initialareanσ=nominalstressA=currentareatε=truestrainol=initiallengthnε=nominalstrainl=currentlengthPoisson’sratio,strainallongitudinstrainlateral−=νYoung’smodulusE=initialslopeofttεσ−curve=initialslopeofnnεσ−curve.Yieldstressyσisthenominalstressatthelimitofelasticityinatensiletest.Tensilestrengthtsσisthenominalstressatmaximumloadinatensiletest.Tensileductilityfεisthenominalplasticstrainatfailureinatensiletest.Thegaugelengthofthespecimenshouldalsobequoted.ELASTICMODULI)1(2ν+=EG)21(3ν−=EKForpolycrystallinesolids,asaroughguide,Poisson’sRatio31≈νShearModulusEG83≈BulkModulusEK≈Theseapproximationsbreakdownforrubberandporoussolids.5STIFFNESSANDSTRENGTHOFUNIDIRECTIONALCOMPOSITESmfffIIE)V(EVE−+=111−⊥−+=mfffEVEVEmf1yfffts)V(Vσσσ−+=IIE=compositemodulusparalleltofibres(upperbound)⊥E=compositemodulustransversetofibres(lowerbound)fV=volumefractionoffibresfE=Young’smodulusoffibresmE=Young’smodulusofmatrixtsσ=tensilestrengthofcompositeparalleltofibresffσ=fracturestrengthoffibresmyσ=yieldstressofmatrixDISLOCATIONSANDPLASTICFLOWTheforceperunitlengthFonadislocation,ofBurger’svectorb,duetoaremoteshearstressτ,isbFτ=.TheshearstressyτrequiredtomoveadislocationonasingleslipplaneisLbTcy=τwhereT=linetension(about221bG,whereGistheshearmodulus)L=inter-obstacledistancec=c