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QingDynasty★Introduction简介QingDynasty,withitscaptialBeijing,wasthelastfeudalrulingofChinafrom1644to1912.清代,其首都北京,从1644到1912年,是中国最后的王朝。★theestablishmentoftheQingDynasty清朝的建立AfterreunifyingalltheNuzhentribes,Nurhachuproclaimedhimselfemperorin1616.在统一所有女真部落后,努尔哈赤于1616年称帝。In1636,HuangTaiji,sonofNurhachumovedthecapitaltoShenyangandchangedtheregimetitleinto'Qing'.1636年,努尔哈赤的儿子皇太极,迁都沈阳,改国号为“清”,建立了清朝。★Kangxiandconsolidation康熙时期及政权的巩固TheKangxiEmperor(r.1662-1722)assumedthethroneatageeight.康熙皇帝(1662-1722)八岁继承皇位。Duringtheearlyyearsofhisreign,hewaslargelyaidedbyhisgrandmother,theGrandEmpressDowager,Xiaozhuang.在他统治的初期,他在很大程度上是得益于他的祖母,太皇太后孝庄。KangxiisthelongestreigningofallChineserulers.Duringhislongrulehesetthepolicydirectionfortheempireandstabilizedit.他是中国所有的统治者种在位时间最长的一位。在他漫长的统治,他把政策方向的帝国和稳定。★TheYongzhengandQianlongemperors雍正、乾隆AftertheKangxiEmperor'sdeathinthewinterof1722,PrinceYongYinzhen,hisfourthson,succeededhimastheYongzhengEmperor.Yongzhengremainedacontroversialcharacterbecauseofrumoursabouthimusurpingthethrone,andhewasinvolvedingreatpoliticalstruggleswithhisbrothers.Yongzhengwasahardworkingadministratorwhoruledwithanironhand.康熙皇帝死在1722年的冬季,他的第四个儿子雍親王胤禛接替他成为雍正皇帝。因为他篡夺王位的谣言,雍正仍然是一个有争议的人物,他参与了与他兄弟的重大的政治斗争。雍正是一个勤劳的铁腕的统治者。HissuccessorQianlongisregardedasoneofthemostmemorableemperorandduringhisreign,Chinareachedthezenithofitspower.乾隆是最让人记忆深刻的君主之一。在他统治中国期间,中国非常强盛。DuringthelateyearsofQianlong'sreign,theQinggovernmentsawareturnoframpantcorruption.TheofficialHeshenwasarguablyoneofthemostcorruptintheentireQingDynasty.HewaseventuallyforcedintocommittingsuicidebyQianlong'sson,theJiaqingEmperor(r.1796–1820).在乾隆后期,清政府腐败猖獗。官员和珅可以说是一个最腐败的典型。他最终被乾隆的儿子嘉庆皇帝逼迫自杀。★DeclineoftheQingDynasty清朝的衰落AfterEmperorQianlong,theQingDynastygraduallydeclined.ThelatersuccessorsEmperorJiaqingandDaoguangdidn'thavetheenterprisingspirit,andtheyjustkeptreusingtheoldpoliciestocontinuetheirsovereign.乾隆皇帝后,清朝逐渐衰落。后来嘉庆、道光皇帝等缺少进取精神,他们只是一直重用旧政策,继续他们的统治。★TheFirstOpiumWar第一次鸦片战争In1840,BritainstartedthefirstopiumwaragainstChina,andforcedtheQingDynastytosignthefirstofmanyunequaltreatieswiththembeginningwiththe'NanjingTreaty'.Thereafter,thedoortoChinawasforcedopenbythegreatwesternpowers.1840年,英国开始了侵略中国的第一次鸦片战争,从南京条约开始,迫使清王朝签订了许多不平等条约。此后,中国被迫向西方列强打开了大门。★EmpressDowagerCixi-TheDragonLady太后慈禧-龙夫人Inthelate19thcentury,anewleaderemerged.TheEmpressDowagerCixi,concubinetotheEmperorXianfeng(r.1850-1861),themotherofchildemperorTongzhi,andAuntofGuangxusuccessfullycontrolledtheQinggovernmentandwasthedefactoleaderofChinafor47years.Shestagedacoupd'état(/ˌkuːdeɪˈtɑː/)toousttheregencyledbySushunappointedbythelateEmperor.Shewasknownforrulingbehindthecurtain(垂帘听政).在第十九世纪末,一个新的领袖出现。太后慈禧——咸丰(1850-1861)的妃子、地同治的母亲以及光绪的姨母——控制了清政府,是中国47年的实际领导人。她发动了一场政变,推翻了以肃顺为首的顾命八大臣。她因为垂帘听政而被大家所熟知。★FalloftheQingDynasty清朝的覆灭Bytheearly20thcentury,masscivildisorderhadbegunandcontinuouslygrown.CiXiandtheGuangxuemperorbothdiedin1908,leavingarelativelypowerlessandunstablecentralauthority.Puyi,theeldestsonofZaifeng,PrinceChun,wasappointedsuccessoratagethree.二十世纪初,大规模内乱不断发生。慈禧与光绪皇帝都在1908年去世,留下一个相对弱势和不稳定的中央政权。溥仪,醇亲王载沣的长子,被指定为继承人。TheQingcourtwasfacedwithtroublesathomeandaggressionfromabroad.Finally,theRevolutionof1911ledbySunYat-senbrokeoutandoverthrewtheQingDynasty.on12thofFebruary,EmperorFuyiwasforcedtoabdicate,bringingtwothousandyearsofChinesefeudalmonarchytoanend.清廷内忧外患。最后,1911年孙中山领导的辛亥革命爆发。二月,皇帝溥仪被迫退位,使中国二千年的封建帝制得以终结。
本文标题:Qing-Dynasty-简介清朝-英文
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