测试学

阅读理解测试Testingreadingcomprehension课程与教学论刘鹏8.1Thenatureofreadingskills阅读教学中忽视的两点1.Attemptsatdealingwiththemanycomplexreadingskillsfrequentlycometoolate,atthetertiarylevel(i.e.atuniversity,technicalcollege),whenstudentssuddenlyfindthemselvesconfrontedwithprofessionalandtechnicalliteratureintheforeignlanguage.高级阅读技能的训练往往滞后，到了大学，当学生们面临专业的和技术类的外语文献时，才发现阅读技能不够用。2.Fewlanguageteacherswouldargueagainsttheimportanceofreading:whatisstillurgentlyrequiredinmanyclassroomtestsisagreaterawarenessoftheactualprocessesinvolvedinreadingandtheproductionofappropriateexerciseandtestmaterialstoassistinthemasteryoftheseprocesses.没有语言老师会反对阅读的重要性，在我们课堂测试中迫切需要的是对阅读实际过程的意识和合适的练习和测试材料去辅助这些过程的掌握。阅读技巧Atthisstageinourexaminationofreadingdifficulties,itwouldbehelpfultoattempttoidentifysomeofthespecificskillsinvolvedinreading.Broadlyspeaking,thesecanbedefinedastheabilityto:recognizewordsandwordgroups,associatingsoundswiththeircorrespondinggraphicsymbols;deducethemeaningofwordsby(a)understandingwordformation(roots,affixation,derivationandcompounding);(b)contextualclues(e.g.Oneofthemembersofthegroupexposedtheplot,andthepoliceweresoonabletoarresttheleaders.);understandexplicitlystatedinformation(e.g.IwishAnnhadcome.=Anndidnotcome-hencemywish.);understandrelationswithinthesentence,especially(a)elementsofsentencestructure(b)negation(否定)(c)frontingandtheme(d)complexembedding;understandrelationsbetweenpartsofatextthroughbothlexicaldevices(词汇手段)(e.g.repetition,synonyms,antithesis)andgrammaticalcohesivedevices(语法衔接手段),especiallyanaphoricandcataphoricreference(前后照应)(e.g.he,they,it;theformer,thelatter)andconnectives(e.g.since,after,because,although.however,inaddition):perceivetemporalandspatialrelationships,andalsosequencesofideas;understandconceptualmeaning,especially(a)quantityandamount(数量和金额)(b)definitenessandindefiniteness(确定性和不确定性)(c)comparisonanddegree(d)meansandinstrument(e)cause,result,purpose.reason,condition,addition,contrast,concession;anticipateandpredictwhatwillcomenextinthetext:identifythemainideaandothersalientfeaturesinatext;generalizeanddrawconclusions:understandinformationnotexplicitlystatedby(a)makinginferences(i.e.readingbetweenthelines)(b)understandingfigurativelanguage(形象语言):skimandscan(lookingforthegeneralmeaningandreadingforspecificinformation);readcritically;adoptaflexibleapproachandvaryreadingstrategiesaccordingtothetypeofmaterialbeingreadandthepurposeforwhichitisbeingread.根据阅读材料的类型和阅读的目的，采用灵活的方法和多样的阅读策略泛读和精读Twodifferentkindsofcomplementaryreadingactivitiestowhichstudentsareusuallyexposedaregenerallyclassifiedasintensiveandextensivereading.intensivereading：Shortreadingextractsofamoderatedegreeofdifficultyandcontainingfeatureswhichmeritdetailedstudyformabasisforintensivereadingpractice.extensivereading:Wholearticles,chaptersandbooks(usuallysimplifiedreaders)areusedforextensivereadingpractice;inthiscase.however,thematerialselectedisgenerallyslightlybelowthelanguageattainmentlevelofthestudentsusingit.Unfortunately,mostreadingtestsconcentrateonintensivereadingtotheexclusionofextensivereading.probablybecauseitismoreeconomicaltohavealargenumberofitemsbasedonashortreadingextractthanafewitemsbasedonamuchlongerone.However,theseareinsufficientgroundsforneglectingtotestextensivereadingatcertainlevels.译：不幸的是，大部分的阅读测试更加关注精读，可能是因为相较于泛读选取较长篇的文章，出少量的题目，精读选取较短的文章，出大量的题目更加省事，然而并没有充分的证据证明在一定程度上忽视了泛读能力的测试阅读理解能力测试的文本类型Inmosttests,especiallytestsofgeneralproficiency.itisusefultoincludeavarietyoftexttypesforreadingcomprehensioninadditiontotheusual,moreliteraryprose(散文)extracts:1.newspaperarticle2.instructionsforusingappliancesandmachinery3.directoryextracts4.publicnotices(公告)5.timetablesandmaps6.advertisement……..Theinclusionofsuchtexttypeswillnotonlyprovideamorerealisticandreliablemeansofassessmentbutwillalsohelptomotivatestudentsbydemonstratinghowthetargetlanguageisusedinreal-lifesituations.Consequently,itbecomesimportantthattheactualpresentationofthematerialshouldbeasauthenticaspossible.Inshort,anewspaperarticleshouldappearintheactualformofanewspaperarticle,therebygivingagenuinefeeltothematerial.译：多种文本类型的包含不仅提供了一种更加实际可靠的评估方式，也通过呈现目标语言在真实情景中的使用起到了帮助激励学生的目的。因此，尽可能真实的呈现材料就变得非常重要。总之，报纸的文章就应该以报纸的实际样式出现，以便使材料给人以真实的感受。阅读测试的题型1.therearenumerouswaysoftestingreadingcomprehension,rangingfrommultiple-choiceitemstoopen-endedquestions(i.e.questionswhichrequirestudentstowriteananswerinasentenceoftheirown).2.Certainoftheitemtypeswillbemoresuitedtotestingcomprehensionofaparticulartextthanotheritemtypes.Althoughmultiple-choiceitemsaresometimesthemostsuitableinstrumentsfortestingreadingcomprehension,theyshouldnotbeover-used.Frequently,otheritemtypesarefarmoreinterestinganduseful.3.Thetextitselfshouldalwaysdeterminethetypesofquestionswhichareconstructed.Certaintextsmaylendthemselvestomultiple-choiceitems,otherstotrue/falseitems,otherstomatchingitems,otherstore-arrangementitems,otherstoordinarycompletionitems,otherstothecompletionofinformationintables,andyetotherstoopen-endedquestions.Indeed,sometimesthesametextwilldemandatleasttwoorthreediffere