研究生综合英语3-unit-1--2-3-7-8-原文+译文+重点【辛辛苦苦总结的期末资料】

11.UnitOneAQuestionofDegree对学位的质疑PerhapsweshouldrethinkanideafastbecominganundisputedpremiseofAmericanlifethatacollegedegreeisnecessary(andperhapsevenasufficient)preconditionforsuccess.Idonotwishtoquarrelwiththeassumptionsmadeaboutthebenefitsoforthodoxeducation.Iwantonlytoexposeitsfalsegod:thefour-year,all-purpose,degree-grantingcollege,aimedattheso-calledcollege-agepopulationandbynowalmostuniversallyacceptedasthestepping-stoneto“meaningful”and“better”jobs.Whatiswrongwiththecurrentcollege/workcyclecanbeseeninthefollowinganomalies:wearesellingcollegetotheyouthofAmericanasatake-offpadforthematerialgoodlife.Collegeisliterallyadvertisedandpackagedasameansforgettingmoremoneythrough“better”jobsatthesametimethatHarvardgraduatesaretakingjobsastaxidrivers.Thissituationisperversionofthetruespiritofauniversity，aperversionofahumanesocialethicand，atbottom，apatentfraud.Totakethelastpointfirst,theeconomysimplyisnotgearedtoguaranteeingthesepresumptive“better”jobs;thecollegesarenotgearedtotrainingforsuchjobs;andtheethicalproprietyoftheentireenterpriseisveryquestionable.Wearebydefinition(ratherthanbyanalysis)establishingtwokindsofwork:worklabeled“better”becauseithasadegreerequirementtaggedtoitandnondegreework,which,throughthislogic,becomesautomatically“lowlevel”.2Thisprocessisalsodestroyingouruniversities.The“practicalcurriculum”mustbecomeparamount;thestudentsmustbecomeservantsofbigbusinessandbiggovernment.Undertheseconditionstheuniversitycannolongerbeanindependentsourceofscientificandphilosophictruth-seekingandmoralcriticism.Finally,andmostimportant，wearedestroyingthespiritofyouthbymakingcollegecompulsoryatadolescence,whenitmaybeleastcongruentwithemotionalandphysicalneeds;andwearedenyingcollegeasanoptionalandcontinuingexperiencelaterinlife,whenitmightbemostcongruentwithintellectualandrecreationalneeds.Letmeproposeanimportantsteptoreversethesetrendsandthushelprestorefreedomanddignitytobothourcollegesandourworkplaces.Weshouldoutlawemploymentdiscriminationbasedoncollegedegrees.Thiswouldsimplybeanotherfacetofour“equal-opportunity”policyandwouldaddcollegedegreestosex,age,race,religionandethnicgroupasinherentlyunfairbasesforemploymentselection.Peoplewould，whereverpossible，demonstratetheircapacitiesonthejob.Wherethatprovedimpractical，outsidetestscouldstillserve.Themedicalboards，barexams，mechanical，mathematicalandverbalaptitudetestsmightstillbeusedbyvariousenterprises.Theburdenofproofoftheirlegitimacy，however，wouldremainwiththeusingagencies.Sotoowouldthecosts.Wherethecollegeswerebestequippedtoimpartanecessaryskilltheywoulddoso，butonlywhereitwouldbenaturaltothemainthrustofauniversityendeavor.3Theneedforthisrethinkingandforthistypeoflegislationmaybestbeillustratedbyacasestudy.JoeV.isatypicalliberal-artsgraduate，firedbyimaginationartandliterature.HetookajobwithalargeNewYorkCityBank，wherehehadtheopportunitytoenterthe“assistantmanagertrainingprogram”.Thetraineesrotatedamongdifferentbankdepartmentstogaintechnicalknow-howandexperienceandalsoreceivedclassroominstruction，includingsomesessionson“howtowriteabusinessletter.”Theprogramwasvirtuallyrestrictedtocollegegraduates.Attheendoftheline，thetraineesbecameassistantbankmanagers：apositionconsistinglargelyofgivingsimpleadvicetobankcustomersandamodestamountofsupervisionofemployees.Joesearchedforsomeconnectionbetweenthejobandthetrainingprogram，ontheonehand，andhiscollege-whettedappetitesandskillsontheother.Hefoundnothing.IngivingJoepreferenceforthetrainingprogram,thebankhadbypassedafewenthusiasticaspirantsalreadydedicatedtoabankingcareeranddailydemonstratingtheircompetenceincloselyrelatedjobs.Afterquestioninghissuperiorsaboutthesystem,Joecouldonlyconcludethatthe“topbrass”hadsomeverydiffuseandnot-too-well–researchedorevenwell-thought-outconceptionsaboutcollegemen.Theexecutivesadmittedthatacollegedegreedidnotofitselfensurethemotivationortheverbalorsocialskillsneeded.Norweretheyaboutwhatskillsweremostdesirablefortheirincreasingdiversebranches.Yettheyclungtothecollegeprerequisite.Businessallowsthecollegestoactasrecruiting,screeningandtrainingagenciesforthembecauseitsavesmoneyandtime.Whycollegesallowthemselvestoactasservicingagentsmaynotbeasapparent.Onereasonmaybethatcollegesareincreasinglybecomingconventionalbureaucracies.Itisinevitable,therefore,thattheyshouldrespondtothefirstandunchallengedlawofbureaucracy:expand!Themorethatcollege’scanpersuadeoutsideinstitutionstorestrictemploymentinfavoroftheir4clientele,thestrongeristhecollege’sholdandattraction.Thisrationalbecomesevenclearerwhenweunderstandthatthebudgetsofpublicuniversitieshangonthenumberofstudents“serviced”.Seenfromthisperspective,then,itisperhapseasiertounderstandwhysuchmattersas“universityindependence”or“thepropriety”ofusingthepublicbankrolltosupportenterprisesthatareexpectedtomakeprivateprofits,canbedismissed.Conflictofinterestisdifficulttodiscernwhentheinterestsinvolvedareyourown.Whatisequallyquestionableiswhetheracollegedegree,assuch,isproperevidencethatnewskillsthataretrulyneededwillbedelivered.AfriendwhoworksforManpowerTrainingProgramfe