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brainstem•讲•授•提•纲•I.Externalfeaturesofbrainstem1.Ventralviewofbrainstem2.DorsalviewofbrainstemII.Theinternalstructureofbrainstem1.Overview2.Thegraymatter3.Thewhitematter4.Thereticularformationofbrainstem中脑midbrain脑桥pons延髓medullaoblongataI.Externalfeaturesofbrainstem•Pyramid锥体•Decussationofpyramid锥体交叉•Olive橄榄•Middlecerebellarpeduncle小脑中脚•Basilarpart基底部•Pontocerebellartrigone脑桥小脑三角•Cruscerebri大脑脚底•Interpeduncularfossa脚间窝•1.Ventralsurfaceofthebrainstem•2.Dorsalsurfaceofthebrainstem•Graciletubercle薄束结节•Cuneatetubercle楔束结节•Superior/Inferiorcerebellarpeduncle小脑上/下脚•Obex闩•Superiormedullaryvelum前髓帆•Superiorcolliculus上丘•Inferiorcolliculus下丘Inferolateral薄束结节graciletubercles楔束结节cuneatetubercles小脑下脚inferiorcerebellarpeduncle••☆Boundaries••菱形窝rhomboidfossaSuperolateral小脑上脚superiorcerebellarpeduncleLateralrecess外侧隐窝•正中沟Mediansulcus•界沟Sulcuslimitans•内侧隆起Medialeminence•髓纹Striaemedullares•前庭区Vestibulararea•听结节Acoustictubercle•面神经丘:Facialcolliculus•☆ExternalFeatures•锥体交叉层面•内侧丘系交叉层面•橄榄中部层面•脑桥下部层面•脑桥中部层面•中脑下丘层面•中脑上丘层面•Graymatter•II.Theinternalstructuresofbrainstem•1.Overview•Cranialnervenuclei•脑神经核•Non-cranialnervenuclei•非脑神经核•Whitematter•Ascendingfiberbundles•上行纤维束•Descendingfiberbundles•下行纤维束•Reticularformationofbrainstem•Centralcanal•2.Greymatter灰质•(1)Cranialnervenuclei脑神经核•一般躯体运动核肌节衍化的骨骼肌特殊内脏运动核腮弓衍化的骨骼肌•一般内脏运动核平滑肌、心肌和腺体•一般内脏感觉核内脏和心血管的感觉特殊内脏感觉核初级味觉•一般躯体感觉核头面部和口鼻腔粘膜特殊躯体感觉核听觉和平衡觉•特躯感•一躯感•内脏感觉•一内运•特内运•一躯运●SummaryforthechangingfromspinalcordtobrainstemSpinalcordBrainstemCentralCanaldorsalmovingopenclose(Ⅳventricle)(cerebralaqueduct)•12deccusationscatteredinterruptintactFunctionalColumnclustersofnucleiclearreticularformationunclearconcentratedTheboundaryofG&W●SummaryforthechangingfromspinalcordtobrainstemSpinalcordBrainstemCentralCanaldorsalmovingopenclose(Ⅳventricle)(cerebralaqueduct)GML(sensory)M(motor)4Classfication7dorsal(sensory)ventral(motor)PositionofnucleinewNusappered•13WM(fasciculus)Generalsomaticmotornucle一般躯体运动核•Nucleusofoculomotorn.动眼神经核-III•Nucleusoftrochlearn.滑车神经核-IV•Nucleusofabducentn.展神经核-VI•Nucleusofhypoglossaln.舌下神经核-XIISpecialvisceralmotornuclei特殊内脏运动核•Motornucleusoftrigeminaln.三叉神经运动核-V•Nucleusoffacialn.面神经核-VII•Nucleusambiguus疑核-IX、X、XI•Accessorynucleus副神经核-XIGeneralvisceralmotornuclei一般内脏运动核•Accessoryoculomotornucleus动眼神经副核-III•Superiorsalivatorynucleus上泌涎核-VII•Inferiorsalivatorynucleus下泌涎核-IX•Dorsalnucleusofvagusn.迷走神经背核-XVisceralsensorynuclei(generalandspecial)一般/特殊内脏感觉核•Nucleusofsolitarytract孤束核-VII、IX、XGeneralsomaticsensorynucle一般躯体感觉核•Mesencephalicnucleusoftrigeminaln.三叉神经中脑核-V•Pontinenucleusoftrigeminaln.三叉神经脑桥核-V•Spinalnucleusoftrigeminaln.三叉神经脊束核-V•Specialsomaticsensorynuclei特殊躯体感觉核•Cochlearnuclei蜗神经核•Vestibularnuclei前庭神经核•VIII•Thecochlearnucleisendaxonsmainlycrossthemedianplane,ascendandformthelaterallemniscus外侧丘系(2)relaynuclei中继核•Gracilenucleus薄束核(中继躯干下部和下肢的本体觉)•Cuneatenucleus楔束核(中继躯干上部和上肢的本体觉)•Inferiorolivarynucleus下橄榄核(调节小脑对运动的控制和记忆)•延髓:•楔束核•薄束核•下橄榄核•Pontinenucleus脑桥核(中继大脑皮质向小脑发放的信息)•Superiorolivarynucleus上橄榄核(参与声音的空间定位)•Nucleusceruleus蓝斑核(呼吸睡眠有关)•脑桥:•Inferiorcolliculus下丘(与听觉有关)•Superiorcolliculus上丘(与视觉有关)•Rednucleus红核(调节屈肌张力和协调肌群运动)•Substantianigra黑质(调节纹状体功能,进而调节肌的运动)•中脑:•脑桥核•上橄榄核•下丘•上丘•红核•黑质Lewyandpathologicalalteration•3.Whitematter白质•Mediallemniscus内侧丘系•Spinallemniscus脊髓丘系•Trigeminallemniscus三叉丘系•Laterallemniscus外侧丘系•(1)Ascendingtracts上行传导束1)Mediallemniscus内侧丘系•◇Origin:对侧薄束核和楔束核•◇End:同侧丘脑腹后外侧核•◇Function:对侧躯干四肢深感觉和精细触觉•脊神经节•薄束•楔束•薄束核•楔束核•内侧丘系•T4•◇Origin:对侧脊髓I、IV-VIII层•◇End:同侧丘脑腹后外侧核•◇Function:对侧躯干四肢痛温觉、粗触觉2)Spinallemniscus脊髓丘系•脊神经节•脊髓灰质后角•Ⅰ,Ⅳ~Ⅶ•脊髓丘脑侧束•脊髓丘脑前束•脊髓丘系•背侧丘脑•腹后外侧核•三叉丘系•三叉神经•三叉神经脊束核•脊髓断面•延髓断面•脑桥断面•中脑断面•丘脑腹后内侧核•3)Trigeminallemniscus三叉丘系•◇Origin:对侧三叉N脑桥核、脊束核•◇End:同侧丘脑腹后内侧核•◇Function:对侧头面部浅感觉•三叉神经脑桥核•脑桥断面•外侧丘系•螺旋器•蜗神经•蜗神经核•中脑断面•内侧膝状体•4)Laterallemniscus外侧丘系•◇Origin:双侧蜗N核、上橄榄核•◇End:双侧内侧膝状体•◇Function:双侧听觉•1)Pyramidaltract锥体束•(2)Descendingtracts下行传导束◇皮质脊髓束Corticospinaltract◇皮质核束Corticonucleartract•内囊•大脑脚底•脑桥基底•延髓锥体•锥体交叉•脊髓灰质前角◇Corticospinaltract皮质脊髓束•◆Origin:同侧中央旁小叶前部和•中央前回中、上部•◆End:脊髓灰质前角N元•◆Function:两侧躯干肌和对侧四肢肌•◆Origin:同侧中央前回下部•◆End:对侧面神经核下部、舌下神经核和其它双侧脑神经运动核•◆Function:支配对侧眼裂以下表情肌、舌外肌和双侧眼裂以上表情肌、眼外肌、咀嚼肌和咽喉肌。•◇Corticonucleartract皮质核束•动眼神经核•滑车神经核•三叉神经运动核•展神经核•面神经核•舌下神经核•疑核•副神经核Facialnucleus:supranuclearparalysiHypoglossalnucleus:supranuclearparalysi锥体束损伤症状口角歪向患侧舌尖歪向健侧•rubrospinaltract红核脊髓束(支配肢体远端屈肌)•tectospinaltract顶盖脊髓束(视听反射有关)•Mediallongitudinalfasciculus内侧纵束(协调眼球运动和头颈部运动)•reticulospinaltract网状脊髓束(控制躯干四肢近端肌运动)•2)脑干其他下行传导束•红核脊髓束•顶盖脊髓束•内侧纵束•Thereticularformationisrecognizedastheextensiveareaoutsidethemoreconspicuousfiberbundlesandnucleiofthebrainstem,inwhichthegreywereintermingledwithwhitermatter.•4.Reticularformationofbrainstem脑干网状结构•在脑干中除了脑神经核、中继核和长的上、下行纤维以外,在脑干被盖部中部还有一个广泛的区域,神经纤维交织成网,并有各种大、小不等的神经细胞散在其中,通常把这个灰白交织的区域称为网状结构。•1.网状结构内神经元的特点:•☆树突分支多而且长,所以一个神经元和周围许多细胞形成•突触,刺激一处可引起广泛的兴奋。•☆网状结构接受来自几乎所有感觉系统的信息,而其传出纤•维则直接或间接地到达中枢神经系统的各个地方。•☆网状结构的功能涉及觉醒睡眠周期、脑和脊髓的运动控制•以及各种内脏活动的调节。•2.脑干网状结构的主要核团:themainnucleusgroupsofreticularformationofbrainstem•◇向小脑投射的核团•Nucleiprojecttocerebellum•◇中缝核群•Raphenucle
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