2.英汉对比+形合与意合

英汉语言对比形合与意合跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。1.Evenifthemonkcanrunaway,histemplecannotrunwithhim.打死我也不说。2.EvenifIweretobebeatentodeath,Iwillnottell.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。3.Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？4.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?人不犯我，我不犯人。5.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。1.Evenifthemonkcanrunaway,histemplecannotrunwithhim.打死我也不说。2.EvenifIweretobebeatentodeath,Iwillnottell.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。3.Modestyhelpsonegoforward,whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？4.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?人不犯我，我不犯人。5.Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.形合（HYPOTAXIS）英语句法结构重形合，句中各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。I.连词Conjunction1who,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,howetc.2and,or,but,yet,so,however,aswellas,neither---nor,when,if,aslongas,asif,while,as,since,until,unless,lestetc.课内练习11.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。Aftersometime,newscamefromdistantplace.Earthquakedidhappenthatdaywhenthelittlecopperballfell.Allthiswasclearedup.改译：Allwasclearedupsometimelaterwhennewscamefromadistantplacethatanearthquakewasfelttheverydaythelittlecopperballfell.2.为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。WhysomanyAmericansarenothappyasweexpect?Ithinktherearetworeasonsandbothofthemhavedeepdistinction改译：WhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses,ofwhichonegoesmuchdeeperthantheother.连接词-介词1.彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。Themanycolorsofarainbowrangefromredontheoutsidetovioletontheinside.2.农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。Inadequatetrainingforfarmersandthelowproductivityofmanyfarmsplacethemajorityofcountrydwellersinadisadvantageouspositionintheirowncountries.连接词-介词1.简单介词：with,to,in,of,about,between,through2.合成介词：inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout3.成语介词:accordingto;alongwith,apartfrom,becauseof,infrontof,onbehalfof,withregardto翻译中常用with,to,from,at,in,of,by,for,on其他连结词1.这家旅馆，尽管遭到破坏，窗户大多顶上了木板，并挂着粗麻布，到处是厚厚的尘土，房间空荡荡，墙上的灰泥也破裂了，屋顶也毁坏了，可总是一个宽阔而庄严的新天地，值得去探险。Eveninitsblastedcondition,withboardsandsackingsinmostofthewindows,withitsthickdustanditsbareroom,withitscrackedplasteranditsdamagedroofs,thehotelhadbeenanewworld,abreadthanddignity,fullofadventurepossibilities.3.OTHERCOHESIVETIES主要指形态变化形式A.词缀变化;B.动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化及其保持前后一致的关系；C.广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系；D.使用“it”和“there”作替补词起连接作用等。英语常综合运用上述手段。形合（HYPOTAXIS）1.连词Conjunction2.介词Preposition3.其他连结词Othercohesiveties汉语她不老实，我不能信任她。Becausesheisnothonest,Ican’ttrusther.人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.说是说了，没有结果。I’vemadeproposals,buttheyprovedfutile.打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。Ifyougetbeyondyourdepth,youwillsuffer.因果让步转折假设意合（PARATAXIS）汉语句法结构重意合，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。1.语序汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。2.反复、排比、对偶、对照他不来，我不去。Ifhewon’tcomehere,I’llnotgothere.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。Asyousow,sowillyoureap.吃苦在前，享乐在后。Bethefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoycomforts.不怕慢，只怕站。It’sbettertomoveaheadslowlythanjusttomarktime.3.紧缩句“紧”就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起。“缩”就是压缩，略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。不到黄河心不死。Untilallisover,ambitionneverdies.狼披羊皮还是狼。Howeverslyafoxmaybe,itisnomatchforagoodhunter.4.四字格玩火自焚Whoeverplayswithfirewillperishbyfire.物极必反Onceacertainlimitisreached,achangeintheoppositedirectionisinevitable.意合(PARATACTIC)表现：1.语序2.反复、排比、对偶、对照3.紧缩句4.四字格形合意合作业1.Astheweatherwasfine,wedecidedtoclimbthemountain.天气很好，我们决定去爬山。2.Mysisterwasexpectingme,soIhadtogonow.我妹妹在等我，我得走了。3.Abodyinmotionremainsinmotionataconstantspeedinastraightlineunlessacteduponbyanexternalforce.没有外力的作用，运动的物体就连续做匀速直线运动。4.Weknewspringwascomingaswehadseenarobin.我们看见了一只知更鸟，知道春天快要到了。形合意合作业5.有饭大家吃（=如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧）Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.6.狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。Awolfremainsawolfeventhoughitisinsheep’sclothing.