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Aqueousammoniapretreatmentofoilpalmemptyfruitbunchesforethanolproduction该标题简洁，用词简短，明了，体现了标题的准确性，突出重点。本文的重点就是Aqueousammoniapretreatment，这是一个名词性结构，其后接一个限制性介词短语ofoilpalmemptyfruitbunches，ethanolproduction这个名词性结构为研究目的，而且标题不是由句子组成，这样能突出所研究的主题和内容，而不是明确表达一种结论。ABSTRACTOilpalmemptyfruitbunches(EFB)werepretreatedbyaqueousammoniasoakingforethanolproduction（研究目的）.PretreatedEFB,whichwerepretreatedattheoptimalconditionsof60°C,12h,and21%(w/w)aqueousammonia,showed19.5%and41.4%glucoseyieldsduringanenzymaticdigestibilitytestfor96hwhenusing15and60FPUofcellulase,respectively（研究过程）.UsingthepretreatedEFB,simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentationfor168hwith5%(w/v)glucanloadingand60FPUofcellulaseand30CBUofb-glucosidasepergramglucanresultedinethanolproductionof18.6g/Ltiter,65.6%oftheoreticalmaximumyield,and0.11g/L/hofproductivity（研究结果）.摘要简明扼要，顺序依次为研究目的，研究过程，结果研究内容与方法是采用一般过去时态，该摘要前两句使用被动语态，最后一句使用主动语态。叙述实验结果，也采用了过去时。1.IntroductionOilpalmtrees,Elaeisguineensis,arecultivatedextensivelyinhumidtropicalareasforedibleoilproduction(Kelly-Yongetal.,2007).Afterthereddishfruitsofthepalmoiltreehavegrowninlargebunches,theemptyfruitbunches(EFB),whichaccountfor20%ofthetotaloilpalmbiomass,areremovedduringoilprocessing(Kelly-Yongetal.,2007).Everyyear14.9and37.7milliontonsofEFBareproducedinMalaysiaandworldwide,respectively(Akhtaretal.,2010).Sincethebunchesarerichincelluloseandhemicellulosethatarenoteasilydigested,thesebunchesaretheprimarymaterialthatmustbesubjectedtowastetreatmentinthepalmindustry.（主要叙述生物乙醇领域的研究现状，和存在的原料利用不足的问题）Inthisstudy,aqueousammoniapretreatment,whichisknowntoenhancesaccharificationandethanolyieldsmainlybyremovingligninfromlignocellulose(LiandKim,2011;Jungetal.,2011),wasappliedtoEFBcontainingligninofover30%,whichishigherthanthatofotherlignocellulosicbiomass.TheoptimizationoftheaqueousammoniapretreatmentprocessforEFBwasconductedbyvaryingthepretreatmenttemperature,pretreatmenttime,solid:liquid(S/L)ratio,andammoniaconcentrationbasedontheglucoseyieldasdeterminedbyanenzymaticdigestibilitytest.Proteinbindingexperimentsusingacarbohydrate-bindingmodule(CBM),CtCBD3,wereconductedtoenzymeaccessibilityofthepretreatedEFB.Also,simultaneoussaccharificationandfermentation(SSF)wereconductedusingpretreatedbiomasstoevaluatetheperformanceoftheammonia-pretreatedEFB.ThisstudyprovidestheexperimentalresultsdescribingthefeasibilityofusingEFBforethanolproductionfollowingalkalinepretreatment(主要解决了废物利用和研究的创新点，即用氨水预处理棕榈树枝条生产生物乙醇).前言起到提纲挈领和吸引读者的重要作用，它主要包括了研究现状，及存在的问题和主要解决的问题以及本文的创新性。叙述现状及存在问题时主要采用一般现在时态，叙述实验解决的问题时常采用一般过去时态，还是采用被动语态。2.Methods2.1.EFBandcelluloseEFBobtainedfromTropicalChase(KualaLumpur,Malaysia)weregroundusingahigh-speedrotarycuttingmill(MF10,IKA,Staufen,Germany)togiveparticlesizesrangingfrom706to125lm(25–120mesh).ThecompositionoftheEFBbasedonitstotaldryweightwas35.6%(w/w)glucan,14.7%xylan,3.6%mannan,35.4%acid-insolublelignin,and5.8%ash.Thewater-solublesolidscontentoftheEFBbiomasswas17.7%(w/w)ofthetotalbiomass,inwhichthemonomericsugarcontentsofglucose,xylose,galactose,arabinose,mannose,fructose,andsucrosewere2.4%,2.3%,1.4%,3.1%,3.3%,1.2%,and4.2%(w/w)ofthewater-solublesolids.Avicel(Sigma–Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)wasusedasapurecellulosecontrol.2.2.AmmoniapretreatmentofEFBTengramsofdriedEFBweresoakedinacertainconcentrationofaqueousammoniasolution(Junsei,Tokyo,Japan).Theslurrywasthenincubatedatacertaintemperatureforacertainlengthoftimewithoutagitation.ThepretreatedEFBslurrywasthenfilteredusingafiltrationcloth(aporesizeof22–25lm;Calbiochem,LaJolla,CA)torecovertheinsolublesolids.TherecoveredsolidswerewashedwithdistilledwateruntilpH6.5–7.0,andweretransferredtoacleandishandthendriedinavacuum-dryingoven(SH-45S,BioFree,Seoul,RepublicofKorea)at45°Cfor3days.2.3.EnzymatichydrolysisofpretreatedEFBEnzymatichydrolysistoevaluatepretreatmenteffectivenesswasconductedina20mLvialwith1%(w/v)glucanloadingand15FPUofAccellerase1000/gglucanaccordingtoNRELLAP-009(BrownandTorget,1996).TheenzymereactionmixturecontainingpretreatedandwashedEFB,cellulaseand0.05MsodiumcitratebufferatpH4.8wasincubatedat50°Cand170rpminduplicate.2.4.SSFofpretreatedEFBToinvestigatethefermentabilityofthepretreatedEFB,SSFwereconductedat38°CusingNRELLAP-008withamodificationofenzymeloadingto60FPUand30CBU/gglucanand5%(w/v)ofbiomassinputintheSSFmedium(Haywardetal.,1995).2.5.AnalyticalmethodsCarbohydratecompositionofEFBwasanalyzedbyNRELLAP-002fortwo-stagesulfuricacidhydrolysismethod(RuizandEhrman,1996).Thehydrolysisproductsweredeterminedbyhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC;Agilent1100,AgilentTechnologies,Waldbronn,Germany)usingaPb2+cation-exchangecolumn(SP0810,Shodex,ShowaDenkoK.K.,Kawasaki,Japan).ThelignincontentofEFBwasdeterminedbyNRELLAP-003(TempletonandEhrman,1995).EthanolinSSFbrothwasanalyzedbyagaschromatographwithaflameiondetector(Agilent7890,AgilentTechnologies,Wilmington,NC).Alltheanalyseswereconductedintriplicate.这一部分主要说明本实验的材料方法和基本过程，回答了怎样做的问题，起承上启下的作用，实验对象本实验以棕榈树枝为研究对象，符合杂志要求。实验设备的型号，生产厂家和实验过程中的用途都说了详细说明。实验材料主要是说实验试剂，常规的试剂都说明了名称，生产厂家，规格和批号，需要配制的试剂也说明了配制方法。实验过程都描述十分清楚，有些还引用了参考文献。对本实验独创的方案描述的很